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An ecosystems approach to resource management and environmental protection aims to consider the complex interrelationships of an entire ecosystem in decision making rather than simply responding to specific issues and challenges. Ideally, the decision-making processes under such an approach would be a collaborative approach to planning and decision making that involves a broad range of stakeholders across all relevant governmental departments, as well as industry representatives, environmental groups, and community. This approach ideally supports a better exchange of information, development of conflict-resolution strategies and improved regional conservation. Religions also play an important role in the conservation of the environment. Kyoto Protocol Commitment map 2010:
Many of the earth's resources are especially vulnerable because they are influenced by human impacts across different countries. As a result of this, many attempts are made by countries to develop agreements that are signed by multiple governments to prevent damage or manage the impacts of human activity on natural resources. This can include agreements that impact factors such as climate, oceans, rivers and air pollution. These international environmental agreements are sometimes legally binding documents that have legal implications when they are not followed and, at other times, are more agreements in principle or are for use as codes of conduct. These agreements have a long history with some multinational agreements being in place from as early as 1910 in Europe, America and Africa.
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Many of the international technical agencies formed after 1945 addressed environmental themes. By the late 1960s, a growing environmental movement called for coordinated and institutionalized international cooperation. The landmark United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm in 1972, establishing the concept of a right to a healthy environment. It was followed by the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme later that year. Some of the most well-known international agreements include the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and the Paris Agreement of 2015. Top five countries by biological diversity:
Discussion concerning environmental protection often focuses on the role of government, legislation, and law enforcement. However, in its broadest sense, environmental protection may be seen to be the responsibility of all the people and not simply that of government. Decisions that impact the environment will ideally involve a broad range of stakeholders including industry, indigenous groups, environmental group and community representatives. Gradually, environmental decision-making processes are evolving to reflect this broad base of stakeholders and are becoming more collaborative in many countries. Many constitutions acknowledge Tanzania is recognised as having some of the greatest biodiversity of any African country. Almost 40% of the land has been established into a network of protected areas, including several national parks. The concerns for the natural environment include damage to ecosystems and loss of habitat resulting from population growth, expansion of subsistence agriculture, pollution, timber extraction and significant use of timber as fuel.
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Environmental protection in Tanzania began during the German occupation of East Africa (1884-1919) — colonial conservation laws for the protection of game and forests were enacted, whereby restrictions were placed upon traditional indigenous activities such as hunting, firewood collecting, and cattle grazing. In the year 1948, Serengeti has officially established the first national park for wild cats in East Africa. Since 1983, there has been a more broad-reaching effort to manage environmental issues at a national level, through the establishment of the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and the development of an environmental act. In 1998 Environment Improvement Trust (EIT) start working for environment & forest protection in India from a small city Sojat. Founder of Environment Improvement Trust is CA Gajendra Kumar Jain working with volunteers. Zebras at the Serengeti savana plains in northern part of Tanzania. Division of the biosphere is the main government body that oversees protection. It does this through the formulation of policy, coordinating and monitoring environmental issues, environmental planning and policy-oriented environmental research. The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is an institution that was initiated when the National Environment Management Act was first introduced in year 1983. This council has the role to advise governments and the international community on a range of environmental issues. The NEMC the following purposes: provide technical advice; coordinate technical activities; develop enforcement guidelines and procedures; assess, monitor and evaluate activities that impact the environment; promote and assist environmental information and communication; and seek advancement of scientific knowledge.
The National Environment Policy of 1997 acts as a framework for environmental decision making in Tanzania. The policy objectives are to achieve the following:
* Ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources without degrading the environment or risking health or safety.
* Prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air
* Conserve and enhance natural and man-made heritage, including biological diversity of unique ecosystems
* Improve condition and productivity of degraded areas
* Raise awareness and understanding of the link between environment and development
* Promote individual and community participation
* Promote international cooperation
* Use ecofriendly resources.
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Tanzania is a signatory to a significant number of international conventions including the Rio Declaration on Development and Environment 1992 and the Convention on Biological Diversity 1996. The Environmental Management Act, 2004, is the first comprehensive legal and institutional framework to guide environmental-management decisions. The policy tools that are parts of the act include the use of environmental-impact assessments, strategics environmental assessments, and taxation on pollution for specific industries and products. The effectiveness of shifting of this act will only become clear over time as concerns regarding its implementation become apparent based on the fact that, historically, there has been a lack of capacity to enforce environmental laws and a lack of working tools to bring environmental-protection objectives into practice. The Longwanqun National Forest Park is a nationally protected nature area in Huinan County, Jilin, China
Formal environmental protection in China House was first stimulated by the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden. Following this, they began establishing environmental protection agencies and putting controls on some of its industrial waste. China was one of the first developing countries to implement a sustainable development strategy. In 1983 the State Council announced that environmental protection would be one of China's basic national policies and in 1984 the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) was established.
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Following severe flooding of the Yangtze River basin in 1998, NEPA was upgraded to the State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) meaning that environmental protection was now being implemented at a ministerial level. In 2008, SEPA became known by its current name of Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (MEP).
Command-and-control Economic incentives Voluntary instruments Public participation
Concentration-based pollution discharge controls Pollution levy fee Environmental labeling system Clean-up campaign
Mass-based controls on total provincial discharge Non-compliance fines ISO 14000 system Environmental awareness campaign
Environmental impact assessments (EIA) Discharge permit system Cleaner production Air pollution index
Three synchronization program Sulfur emission fee NGOs Water quality disclosure
Deadline transmission trading Administrative permission hearing
Centralized pollution control Subsidies for energy saving products
Two compliance policy Regulation on refuse credit to high-polluting firms
Environmental compensation fee
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Pollution control instruments in China
Environmental pollution and ecological degradation has resulted in economic losses for China. In 2005, economic losses (mainly from air pollution) were calculated at 7.7% of China's GDP. This grew to 10.3% by 2002 and the economic loss from water pollution (6.1%) began to exceed that caused by air pollution. China has been one of the top performing countries in terms of GDP growth (9.64% in the past ten years).[14] However, the high economic growth has put immense pressure on its environment and the environmental challenges that China faces are greater than most countries. In 2010 China was ranked 121st out of 163 countries on the Environmental Performance Index.
China has taken initiatives to increase its protection of the environment and combat environmental degradation:
* China's investment in renewable energy grew 18% in 2007 to $15.6 billion, accounting for ~10% of the global investment in this area;
* In 2008, spending on the environment was 1.49% of GDP, up 3.4 times from 2000
* The discharge of CO (carbon monoxide) and SO2 (sulfur dioxide) decreased by 6.61% and 8.95% in 2008 compared with that in 2005;
* China's protected nature reserves have increased substantially. In 1978 there were only 34 compared with 2,538 in 2010. The protected nature reserve system now occupies 15.5% of the country; this is higher than the world average.
Rapid growth in GDP has been China's main goal during the past three decades with a dominant development model of inefficient resource use and high pollution to achieve high GDP. For China to develop sustainably, environmental protection should be treated as an integral part of its economic policies.
Quote from Shengxian Zhou, head of MEP (2009): "Good economic policy is good environmental policy and the nature of environmental problem is the economic structure, production form and develop model.
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Environmental protection has become an important task for the institutions of the European Community after the Maastricht Treaty for the European Union ratification by all of its member states. The EU is active in the field of environmental policy, issuing directives such as those on environmental impact assessment and on access to environmental information for citizens in the member states. The Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland (EPA) The EPA has a wide range of functions to protect the environment, with its primary responsibilities including:
* Environmental licensing
* Enforcement of environmental law
* Environmental planning, education, and guidance
* Monitoring, analyzing and reporting on the environment
* Regulating Ireland's greenhouse gas emissions
* Environmental research development
* Strategic environmental assessment
* Waste management
* Radiological protection
The Middle Eastern countries become part of the joint Islamic environmental action, which was initiated in 2002 in Jeddah. Under the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the member states join the Islamic Environment Ministers Conference in every two years, focusing on the importance of environment protection and sustainable development. The Arab countries are also awarded the title of best environment management in the Islamic world.
In August 2019, the Sultanate of Oman won the award for 2018–19 in Saudi Arabia, citing its project 'Verifying the Age and Growth of Spotted Small Spots in the Northwest Coast of the Sea of Oman'.
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In Russia, environmental protection is considered an integral part of national safety. There is an authorized state body, the Federal Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology. However, there are a lot of environmental issues in Russia. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has identified 17 megadiverse countries. The list includes six Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. Mexico and Brazil stand out among the rest because they have the largest area, population and number of species. These countries represent a major concern for environmental protection because they have high rates of deforestation, ecosystems loss, pollution, and population growth. Panorama of the Iguazu falls in Brazil: Brazil has the largest amount of the world's tropical forests, 4,105,401 km2 (48.1% of Brazil), concentrated in the Amazon region. Brazil is home to vast biological diversity, first among the megadiverse countries of the world, having between 15%-20% of the 1.5 million globally described species. The organization in charge of environment protection is the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (in Portuguese: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, MMA). It was first created in the year 1973 with the name Special Secretariat for the Environment (Secretaria Especial de Meio Ambiente), changing names several times, and adopting the final name in the year 1999. The Ministry is responsible for addressing the following issues:
* A national policy for the environment and for water resources;
* A policy for the preservation, conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems, biodiversity, and forests;
* Proposing strategies, mechanisms, economic and social instruments for improving environmental quality, and sustainable use of natural resources;
* Policies for integrating production and the environment;
* Environmental policies and programs for the Legal Amazon;
* Ecological and economic territorial zoning.
In 2011, protected areas of the Amazon covered 2,197,485 km2 (an area larger than Greenland), with conservation units, like national parks, accounting for just over half (50.6%) and indigenous territories representing the remaining 49.4%.
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The axolotl is an endemic species from the central part of Mexico
With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home to 10–12% of the world's biodiversity, ranking first in reptile biodiversity and second in mammals one estimate indicates that over 50% of all animal and plant species live in Mexico.
The history of environmental policy in Mexico started in the 1940s with the enactment of the Law of Conservation of Soil and Water (in Spanish: Ley de Conservación de Suelo y Agua). Three decades later, at the beginning of the 1970s, the Law to Prevent and Control Environmental Pollution was created (Ley para Prevenir y Controlar la Contaminación Ambiental). In the year 1972 was the first direct response from the federal government to address eminent health effects from environmental issues. It established the administrative organization of the Secretariat for the Improvement of the Environment (Subsecretaría para el Mejoramiento del Ambiente) in the Department of Health and Welfare. The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, SEMARNAT is Mexico's environment ministry. The Ministry is responsible for addressing the following issues:
* Promote the protection, restoration, and conservation of ecosystems, natural resources, goods, and environmental services and facilitate their use and sustainable development.
* Develop and implement a national policy on natural resources
* Promote environmental management within the national territory, in coordination with all levels of government and the private sector.
* Evaluate and provide determination to the environmental impact statements for development projects and prevention of ecological damage
* Implement national policies on climate change and protection of the ozone layer.
* Direct work and studies on national meteorological, climatological, hydrological, and geohydrological systems, and participate in international conventions on these subjects.
* Regulate and monitor the conservation of waterways
In November 2000 there were 127 protected areas; currently there are 174, covering an area of 25,384,818 hectares, increasing federally protected areas from 8.6% to 12.85% its land area.
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The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest barrier reef in the world
In 2008, there was 98,487,116 ha of terrestrial protected area, covering 12.8% of the land area of Australia.The 2002 figures of 10.1% of terrestrial area and 64,615,554 ha of protected marine area were found to poorly represent about half of Australia's 85 bioregions. Environmental protection in Australia could be seen as starting with the formation of the first national park, Royal National Park, in 1879. More progressive environmental protection had it start in the 1960s and 1970s with major international programs such as the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the Environment Committee of the OECD in 1970, and the United Nations Environment Programme of 1972. These events laid the foundations by increasing public awareness and support for regulation. State environmental legislation was irregular and deficient until the Australian Environment Council (AEC) and Council of Nature Conservation Ministers (CONCOM) were established in 1972 and 1974, creating a forum to assist in coordinating environmental and conservation policies between states and neighbouring countries. These councils have since been replaced by the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) in 1991 and finally the Environment Protection and Heritage Council (EPHC) in 2001. At a national level, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the primary environmental protection legislation for the Commonwealth of Australia. It concerns matters of national and international environmental significance regarding flora, fauna, ecological communities and cultural heritage. It also has jurisdiction over any activity conducted by the Commonwealth, or affecting it, that has significant environmental impact. The act covers eight main areas:
* National Heritage Sites
* World Heritage Sites
* Ramsar wetlands
* Nationally endangered or threatened species and ecological communities
* Nuclear activities and actions
* Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
* Migratory species
* Commonwealth marine areas
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There are several Commonwealth protected lands due to partnerships with traditional native owners, such as Kakadu National Park, extraordinary biodiversity such as Christmas Island National Park, or managed cooperatively due to cross-state location, such as the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves.
At a state level, the bulk of environmental protection issues are left to the responsibility of the state or territory. Each state in Australia has its own environmental protection legislation and corresponding agencies. Their jurisdiction is similar and covers point-source pollution, such as from industry or commercial activities, land/water use, and waste management. Most protected lands are managed by states and territories with state legislative acts creating different degrees and definitions of protected areas such as wilderness, national land and marine parks, state forests, and conservation areas. States also create regulation to limit and provide general protection from air, water, and sound pollution.
At a local level, each city or regional council has responsibility over issues not covered by state or national legislation. This includes non-point source, or diffuse pollution, such as sediment pollution from construction sites. Australia ranks second place on the UN 2010 Human Development Index and one of the lowest debt to GDP ratios of the developed economies. This could be seen as coming at the cost of the environment, with Australia being the world leader in coal exportation and species extinctions. Some have been motivated to proclaim it is Australia's responsibility to set the example of environmental reform for the rest of the world to follow.
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At a national level, the Ministry for the Environment is responsible for environmental policy and the Department of Conservation addresses conservation issues. At a regional level the regional councils administer the legislation and address regional environmental issues. The environmental protection in Switzerland is mainly based on the measures to be taken against global warming. The pollution in Switzerland is mainly the pollution caused by vehicles and the litteration by tourists.
Since 1969, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working to protect the environment and human health.[46]
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent public body under the aegis of the Department of Communications, Climate Action & Environment established under the Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1992.
All US states have their own state-level departments of environmental protection,[47] which may issue regulations more stringent than the federal ones.
In January 2010, EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson published via the official EPA blog her "Seven Priorities for EPA's Future", which were (in the order originally listed):
* Taking action on climate change
* Improving air quality
* Assuring the safety of chemicals
* Cleaning up [US] communities
* Protecting America's waters
* Expanding the conversation on environmentalism and working for environmental justice
* Building strong state and tribal partnerships
As of 2019, it is unclear whether these still represent the agency's active priorities, as Jackson departed in February 2013, and the page has not been updated in the interim.
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The Constitution of India has a number of provisions demarcating the responsibility of the Central and State governments towards Environmental Protection. The state's responsibility with regard to environmental protection has been laid down under article 48-A of our constitution which stated that " The states shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forest and wildlife of the country". Environmental protection has been made a fundamental duty of every citizen of India under Article 51-A (g) of the constitution which says "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures". Gajendra Kumar Jain has always been active to make students, society and common citizens aware of the purpose of environmental protection and promotion. On 14 September 2002, he formed the Environment Improvement Trust. Since the formation of the trust till date, under the leadership of Gajendra Kumar Jain, as the founder chairman of the Environment Improvement Trust, the formation and operation of eco clubs in schools to create awareness among the students through tree guards, stickers, tree guards for their protection. Many programs including environmental protection and promotion seminars, workshops, seminars, plant distribution programs are organized. Under the joint aegis of sub-district officers, water supply department, education department and mining department with government participation, programs for plantation of trees and planting nest for birds have been organized.
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Under the joint aegis of Rajasthan Patrika's Hariyalo Rajasthan, Dainik Bhaskar, rural units of voluntary organization Nehru Yuva Kendra, in many villages of Pali district, with the help of villagers, programs for planting trees and planting nest for birds were organized for environmental protection and promotion under the leadership of Gajendra Kumar Jain. Concluding with the letter Under the leadership of Gajendra Kumar Jain, the Minister of Environment, Mineral and Petroleum, Government of Rajasthan, Shri Laxminarayan Dave, released the Environment Protection and Promotion Sankalp Patra Abhiyan of Environment Improvement Trust. In view of the ill-effects of plastic on the environment, under the leadership of Gajendra Kumar Jain, traders and housewives are resolved to not use plastic by organizing awareness programs. Gajendra Kumar Jain requested several times to include environmental education as a compulsory subject in school and college education by writing letters to the then Prime Minister, Chief Minister and Education Minister, on which the government took positive initiative, first at the university level and later at the school level made mandatory. Animal birds are an important component of the environment. In order to stop the testing of drugs on animal birds, the All India Non-violence Promotion Committee, the city coordinator and member of the Ahimsa Federation of India, Gajendra Kumar Jain, gave a memorandum to the Government of India and the Health Ministries, through the computer. Important suggestions are given. Gajendra Kumar Jain has also made an important contribution in the campaign to put a vegetarian or non-vegetarian mark on the food items. By rejecting the proposed plans of the meat sub-committee of the Tenth Five Year Plan of the Government of India, by canceling the construction of 56 thousand new slaughterhouses, environmental balance and remote use of water in those slaughterhouses have also been prevented.
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Gajendra Kumar Jain got the second position at the national level in the suggestion competition organized by All India Non-violence Promotion Committee, Bhavanimadi on the topic of how to stop wastage of water, food and fuel. In the programs organized by the National Festival for the Protection of Cultural Environment, Gajendra Kumar Jain contributed in preventing Indian culture and cultural pollution by trying to stop dancing on vulgar film songs on vulgar film tunes. For the protection of tree plants, Gajendra Kumar Jain got the important work done by requesting the Minister of Forest, Environment, Minerals and Petroleum, Government of Rajasthan, Shri Laxminarayan Dave, to install tree guards on the plants planted in public places.
Article 21 of the constitution is a fundamental right, which states that "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law". There are numerous works of literature that contain the themes of environmental protection but some have been fundamental to its evolution. Several pieces such as A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold, "Tragedy of the commons" by Garrett Hardin, and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson have become classics due to their far reaching influences. The subject of environmental protection is present in fiction as well as non-fictional literature. Books such as Antarctica and Blockade have environmental protection as subjects whereas The Lorax has become a popular metaphor for environmental protection. "The Limits of Trooghaft" by Desmond Stewart is a short story that provides insight into human attitudes towards animals. Another book called The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury investigates issues such as bombs, wars, government control, and what effects these can have on the environment.
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5- conclusion
Our natural environment makes human life possible, and our cultural environment helps define who we are. It is therefore essential that our population and economic growth are environmentally sustainable. Human-beings and other living creatures depend upon environment and natural surroundings. We can save our environment by: Pollution control laws should be imposed strictly.Restriction on the use of fossil fuels should be imposed. In its place, the usage of non-conventional sources of energy should be encouraged.Emission of carbon-dioxide and other greenhouse gases should be strictly controlled to save our environment from the threat of Global warming. environment is integral to the full enjoyment of a wide range of human rights, including the rights to life, health, food, water and sanitation. Without a healthy environment, we are unable to fulfil our aspirations. We may not have access to even the minimum standards of human dignity. Protecting human rights protects the environment : In recent years, the recognition of the links between human rights and the environment has greatly increased. The number and scope of international and domestic laws, judicial decisions, and academic studies on the relationship between human rights and the environment are growing rapidly. The human rights and the environment mandate.
Related concepts
" Kite in Square " point of view
Tied in two lines, a junction reflects the realities of the past and the activity of the present and the result predicts the future.
It is true that all the squares are kites. This is because a kite is defined as a quadrilateral that has two pairs of sides of the same length and in which the angles where the two pairs meet are equal. Since all four sides of a square are the same length, it means that there are two pairs of sides of the same length in a square. Why do this activity: This activity is easier than it looks and gives learners the experience of using what they know about similar triangles to solve a problem involving an area. Learning Objectives: By doing this activity, students will have the opportunity to solve a geometric problem involving unknown sides and angles in triangles and quadrilaterals, using the known properties of triangles and quadrilaterals, as well as the properties congruent triangles and the like. Generic skills: By doing this activity, students will have the opportunity to: think mathematically, reason logically, and give explanations and proofs. visualize - develop the ability to interpret and create visual images to represent concepts and situations. interpret and solve problems. Suggestions: Start with the diagnostic quiz and find out if your learners can determine the area of a compound shape by dividing it into a rectangle and a triangle and finding those areas. Show the first picture of the problem and ask learners what they notice about it. Discuss the symmetries of the figure. Then say to the class, "ABCD is a square of edge 1 unit. M is the midpoint of AB. Calculate the area of the kite which is shaded on the diagram. You can use the strategy 1 - 2 - 3- 4 - Plus. And let's think about pointing out information about factional situations that have occurred daily in their life or global issues. And this can bring us to any ideas or resolution and make it better and help more to gain knowledge in the study.