Theft of data and
systems from the Internet, including in the case of computer crime. Cybercrime is a crime that
is often done on the Internet.
Cyber Crime Types
Based on the type of activities done, cybercrime can be classified into several types as
follows:
1. Unauthorized Access
2. Illegal Contents
3. Intentional spread of virus
4. Data Forgery
5. Cyber Espionage, Sabotage, and Extortion
6. Cyberstalking
7. Carding
8. Hacking and Cracking
9. Cybersquatting and typosquatting
10. Hijacking.
11. Cyber Terrorism
Crime Prevention
"Prevention is the first imperative of justice " (United Nations document S/2004/616,
para. 4)"Crime Prevention comprises strategies and measures that seek to reduce the risk of
crimes occurring, and their potential harmful effects on individuals and society, including fear
of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes." Guidelines for the Prevention of
Crime ECOSOC Resolution 2002/13, Annex.
Crime prevention is a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and integrated endeavour.
The introduction to the Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime indicates that: "There is
clear evidence that well-planned crime prevention strategies not only prevent crime and
victimization, but also promote community safety and contribute to sustainable development of
countries. Effective, responsible crime prevention enhances the quality of life of all citizens. It
has long-term benefits in terms of reducing the costs associated with the formal criminal
justice system, as well as other social costs that result from crime." (Economic and Social
Council resolution 2002/13, annex), (above) .
Recognizing the multiple causes of crime and as the custodian of the United Nations
standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice, UNODC promotes strategies,
plans, and programmes, which are multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and which favour civil
society participation. Such strategies and action plans are underpinned by the basic principles
for the prevention of crime (Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime, ECOSOC Resolution
2002/13, Annex) (above):
1. Government leadership at all levels is required to create and maintain an institutional
framework for effective crime prevention.
2. Socio-economic development and inclusion refer to the need to integrate crime
prevention into relevant social and economic policies, and to focus on the social
integration of at-risk communities, children, families, and youth.
3. Cooperation and partnerships between government ministries and authorities, civil
society organizations, the business sector, and private citizens are required given the
wide-ranging nature of the causes of crime and the skills and responsibilities required to
address them.
4. Sustainability and accountability can only be achieved if adequate resources to
establish and sustain programmes and evaluation are made available, and clear
accountability for funding, implementation, evaluation and achievement of planned
results is established.
5. Knowledge base strategies, policies and programmes need to be based on a broad
multidisciplinary foundation of knowledge, together with evidence regarding specific
crime problems, their causes, and proven practices.
6. Human rights/rule of law/culture of lawfulness the rule of law and those human rights
which are recognized in international instruments to which Member States are parties
must be respected in all aspects of crime prevention, and a culture of lawfulness actively
promoted.
7. Interdependency refers to the need for national crime prevention diagnoses and
strategies to take into account, where appropriate, the links between local criminal
problems and international organized crime.
8. The principle of differentiation calls for crime prevention strategies to pay due regard to
the different needs of men and women and consider the special needs of vulnerable
members of society (https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-
reform/CrimePrevention.html)