Two novel D-A-A type regular terpolymers of PBDT-DTQ and PIDT-DTQ were designed and synthesized, in which benzodithiophene and indacenodithiophene building blocks were employed as the D unit, and quinoxaline building block was introduced as the A unit. Owing to the strong intra-molecular charge transfer effect in polymer backbone, much broader absorption spectra covering from 320 to 800 nm with the narrowed band-gap were obtained for the developed D-A-A type polymers in contrast to their corresponding D-A type polymers. On the other hand, compared with PBDT-DTQ, PIDT-DTQ exhibited a deeper HOMO energy level and also higher charge carrier mobility. To investigate the photovoltaic properties of PBDT-DTQ and PIDT-DTQ in detail, bulk hetero-junction polymer solar cells with a structure of ITO/PEDOT: PSS/Active Layer/Ca/Al were fabricated. PBDT-DTQ-based solar cells exhibited a moderate PCE value of 3.84%, however, an increased Jsc of 11.42 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.86 V and FF of 65.77% was achieved for PIDT-DTQ-based device, leading to the maximum PCE up to 6.41%. Our results here demonstrated that using the regular terpolymers as electron donor materials could be an efficient way to broaden the absorption of polymers and improve the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.
Graphical abstract
Novel D-A-A type regular terpolymers of PBDT-DTQ and PIDT-DTQ were designed and synthesized. In contrast to the common D-A alternating copolymers, PBDT-DTQ and PIDT-DTQ exhibited a much broader absorption with the narrowed band-gap of 1.54 and 1.63 eV. Meanwhile, in contrast to PBDT-DTQ, a deeper HOMO energy level and also a higher charge carrier mobility was obtained for PIDT-DTQ. Therefore, a superior PCE value of 6.41% with an enhanced Jsc of 11.42 mA/cm2 and Voc of 0.86 V was achieved for PIDT-DTQ-based solar cells.
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Journal of Air Transport Management
Volume 59, March 2017, Pages 155-163
Commercialisation and airport performance: The case of Ireland's DAA
Author links open overlay panelCatríonaCahillEoinReeves
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.12.002Get rights and content
Highlights
•
We conduct an in-depth case study analysis of the Dublin Airport Authority (DAA).
•
We focus on the process of commercialisation and its impact on DAA productivity.
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We highlight significant changes in the DAA's external and internal environments.
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We estimate DAA productivity growth from 1994 to 2014 using TFP analysis.
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We find TFP declined due mainly to two significant programs of capital investment.
Abstract
Airport performance has been the subject of an increasing volume of empirical research in recent years. This paper bridges a gap in the existing literature through an in-depth case study analysis of the process of commercialisation in the Dublin Airport Authority (DAA), Ireland's state-owned airport company, and the corresponding impact on performance over the 1994–2014 period. We use a model of commercialisation to examine changes in the DAA's internal and external environments that show evidence of a more commercial focus. The DAA's economic performance is then analysed using total factor productivity (TFP) and labour productivity indicators, as well as basic financial indicators. Our analysis highlights the significant internal and external changes experienced by the DAA over the past two decades that have driven a continuous process of commercialisation. While TFP growth was positive or stable in half of the years that we examined, the overall level of TFP declined over our timeframe of analysis. Much of this decline was due to two considerable programmes of investment in long-lived infrastructure assets where a return in the short-term would not be expected.
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Commercialisation
Performance
Total Factor Productivity
Dublin Airport Authority
Ireland
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Airport performance has been the subject of an increasing volume of empirical research in recent years. This paper bridges a gap in the existing literature through an in-depth case study analysis of the process of commercialisation in the Dublin Airport Authority (DAA), Ireland's state-owned airport company, and the corresponding impact on performance over the 1994–2014 period. We use a model of commercialisation to examine changes in the DAA's internal and external environments that show evidence of a more commercial focus. The DAA's economic performance is then analysed using total factor productivity (TFP) and labour productivity indicators, as well as basic financial indicators. Our analysis highlights the significant internal and external changes experienced by the DAA over the past two decades that have driven a continuous process of commercialisation. While TFP growth was positive or stable in half of the years that we examined, the overall level of TFP declined over our timeframe of analysis. Much of this decline was due to two considerable programmes of investment in long-lived infrastructure assets where a return in the short-term would not be expected.
Previous
Next
Keywords
Commercialisation
Performance
Total Factor Productivity
Dublin Airport Authority
Ireland
Recommended articlesCiting articles (6)
View full text
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

About ScienceDirect
Remote access
Shopping cart
Advertise
Contact and support
Terms and conditions
Privacy
Recent case series and retrospective studies have raised concerns that patients who receive direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are at increased risk of developing varicella-zoster virus infection (VZV reactivation). We investigated the relationship between DAA treatment and VZV reactivation by analyzing pooled participant-level data from 37 clinical trials of DAA agents.
Methods
We obtained demographic, adverse event, and laboratory data from 13,816 participants in 37 clinical trials submitted to the Food and Drug Administration for approval of DAA agents for treatment of HCV infection. Participants received DAAs (n = 12,249), placebo (n = 997), pegylated interferon (n = 243), or a combination of DAAs and pegylated interferon (n = 327). Occurrence of VZV reactivation was identified using systematically reported adverse event data. HCV virologic response was evaluated by measurement of HCV RNA.
Results
VZV reactivation occurred in 9.9 cases per 1000 person-years of DAA treatment (95% CI, 6.8–14.0 per 1000 person years). VZV reactivation occurred in 13.8 cases per 1000 person-years in the placebo group (95% CI, 3.5–37.5 per 1000 person years) and no participants in the pegylated interferon or combination DAA and pegylated interferon groups. Within the placebo-controlled trials there was no significant difference in VZV reactivation between DAA treatment and placebo. VZV reactivation was associated with age older than 40 years, female sex, and HIV coinfection. We did not find an association between time of virologic response and time to VZV reactivation.
Conclusion
In an analysis of data from 37 trials, we found no evidence for an association between DAA treatment for HCV infection and increased risk of VZV reactivation.
Keywords
Viral Reactivation
Interferon-Free Antiviral Agents
Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents
Herpes Zoster
Abbreviations used in this paper
BLOQ
below limit of quantification
CI
confidence interval
DAA
direct-acting antiviral
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
HCV
hepatitis C virus
IRR
incidence rate ratio
MedDRA
Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities
PEG-IFN
pegylated interferon
PY
person-years
VZV
varicella-zoster virus