DAA

Two novel D-A-A type regular terpolymers of PBDT-DTQ and PIDT-DTQ were designed and synthesized, in which benzodithiophene and indacenodithiophene building blocks were employed as the D unit, and quinoxaline building block was introduced as the A unit. Owing to the strong intra-molecular charge transfer effect in polymer backbone, much broader absorption spectra covering from 320 to 800 nm with the narrowed band-gap were obtained for the developed D-A-A type polymers in contrast to their corresponding D-A type polymers. On the other hand, compared with PBDT-DTQ, PIDT-DTQ exhibited a deeper HOMO energy level and also higher charge carrier mobility. To investigate the photovoltaic properties of PBDT-DTQ and PIDT-DTQ in detail, bulk hetero-junction polymer solar cells with a structure of ITO/PEDOT: PSS/Active Layer/Ca/Al were fabricated. PBDT-DTQ-based solar cells exhibited a moderate PCE value of 3.84%, however, an increased Jsc of 11.42 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.86 V and FF of 65.77% was achieved for PIDT-DTQ-based device, leading to the maximum PCE up to 6.41%. Our results here demonstrated that using the regular terpolymers as electron donor materials could be an efficient way to broaden the absorption of polymers and improve the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.

Graphical abstract

Novel D-A-A type regular terpolymers of PBDT-DTQ and PIDT-DTQ were designed and synthesized. In contrast to the common D-A alternating copolymers, PBDT-DTQ and PIDT-DTQ exhibited a much broader absorption with the narrowed band-gap of 1.54 and 1.63 eV. Meanwhile, in contrast to PBDT-DTQ, a deeper HOMO energy level and also a higher charge carrier mobility was obtained for PIDT-DTQ. Therefore, a superior PCE value of 6.41% with an enhanced Jsc of 11.42 mA/cm2 and Voc of 0.86 V was achieved for PIDT-DTQ-based solar cells.

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Journal of Air Transport Management

Volume 59, March 2017, Pages 155-163

Commercialisation and airport performance: The case of Ireland's DAA

Author links open overlay panelCatríonaCahillEoinReeves

Outline

Cite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.12.002Get rights and content

Highlights

•

We conduct an in-depth case study analysis of the Dublin Airport Authority (DAA).

•

We focus on the process of commercialisation and its impact on DAA productivity.

•

We highlight significant changes in the DAA's external and internal environments.

•

We estimate DAA productivity growth from 1994 to 2014 using TFP analysis.

•

We find TFP declined due mainly to two significant programs of capital investment.

Abstract

Airport performance has been the subject of an increasing volume of empirical research in recent years. This paper bridges a gap in the existing literature through an in-depth case study analysis of the process of commercialisation in the Dublin Airport Authority (DAA), Ireland's state-owned airport company, and the corresponding impact on performance over the 1994–2014 period. We use a model of commercialisation to examine changes in the DAA's internal and external environments that show evidence of a more commercial focus. The DAA's economic performance is then analysed using total factor productivity (TFP) and labour productivity indicators, as well as basic financial indicators. Our analysis highlights the significant internal and external changes experienced by the DAA over the past two decades that have driven a continuous process of commercialisation. While TFP growth was positive or stable in half of the years that we examined, the overall level of TFP declined over our timeframe of analysis. Much of this decline was due to two considerable programmes of investment in long-lived infrastructure assets where a return in the short-term would not be expected.

Keywords

Commercialisation

Performance

Total Factor Productivity

Dublin Airport Authority

Ireland

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Recent case series and retrospective studies have raised concerns that patients who receive direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are at increased risk of developing varicella-zoster virus infection (VZV reactivation). We investigated the relationship between DAA treatment and VZV reactivation by analyzing pooled participant-level data from 37 clinical trials of DAA agents.

Methods

We obtained demographic, adverse event, and laboratory data from 13,816 participants in 37 clinical trials submitted to the Food and Drug Administration for approval of DAA agents for treatment of HCV infection. Participants received DAAs (n = 12,249), placebo (n = 997), pegylated interferon (n = 243), or a combination of DAAs and pegylated interferon (n = 327). Occurrence of VZV reactivation was identified using systematically reported adverse event data. HCV virologic response was evaluated by measurement of HCV RNA.

Results

VZV reactivation occurred in 9.9 cases per 1000 person-years of DAA treatment (95% CI, 6.8–14.0 per 1000 person years). VZV reactivation occurred in 13.8 cases per 1000 person-years in the placebo group (95% CI, 3.5–37.5 per 1000 person years) and no participants in the pegylated interferon or combination DAA and pegylated interferon groups. Within the placebo-controlled trials there was no significant difference in VZV reactivation between DAA treatment and placebo. VZV reactivation was associated with age older than 40 years, female sex, and HIV coinfection. We did not find an association between time of virologic response and time to VZV reactivation.

Conclusion

In an analysis of data from 37 trials, we found no evidence for an association between DAA treatment for HCV infection and increased risk of VZV reactivation.

Keywords

Viral Reactivation

Interferon-Free Antiviral Agents

Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents

Herpes Zoster

Abbreviations used in this paper

BLOQ

below limit of quantification

confidence interval

DAA

direct-acting antiviral

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

HCV

hepatitis C virus

IRR

incidence rate ratio

MedDRA

Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities

PEG-IFN

pegylated interferon

person-years

VZV

varicella-zoster virus

Chapter 1 - DAA

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