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historical novel, a novel that has as its setting a period of history and that attempts to convey the spirit, manners, and social conditions of a past age with realistic detail and fidelity (which is in some cases only apparent fidelity) to historical fact. The work may deal with actual historical personages, as does Robert Graves’s I, Claudius (1934), or it may contain a mixture of fictional and historical characters. It may focus on a single historic event, as does Franz Werfel’s Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1934), which dramatizes the defense of an Armenian stronghold. More often it attempts to portray a broader view of a past society in which great events are reflected by their impact on the private lives of fictional individuals. Since the appearance of the first historical novel, Sir Walter Scott’s Waverley (1814), this type of fiction has remained popular. Though some historical novels, such as Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1865–69), are of the highest artistic quality, many of them are written to mediocre standards. One type of historical novel is the purely escapist costume romance, which, making no pretense to historicity, uses a setting in the past to lend credence to improbable characters and adventures. Key People: Winston Churchill Victor Hugo Xenophon Aleksandr Pushkin Sir Walter Scott Related Topics: genre The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. Home Literature Novels & Short Stories Novelists A-K Thomas B. Costain American writer Alternate titles: Thomas Bertram Costain By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica • Edit History Thomas B. Costain, in full Thomas Bertram Costain, (born May 8, 1885, Brantford, Ontario, Canada—died October 8, 1965, New York, New York, U.S.), Canadian-born American historical novelist. Costain, Thomas B. Costain, Thomas B. See all media Born: May 8, 1885 Brantford Canada Died: October 8, 1965 (aged 80) New York City New York Notable Works: “For My Great Folly ” “The Black Rose ” “The Silver Chalice ” A journalist for many years on Canadian newspapers and a Saturday Evening Post editor (1920–34), Costain was 57 when he published his first romance, For My Great Folly (1942), dealing with the 17th-century rivalry between England and Spain. An immediate success, it was followed almost yearly by historical adventure tales, the best known of which are The Black Rose (1945), whose medieval English hero ranges as far as Kublai Khan’s China, and The Silver Chalice (1952), about the early Christians in Rome. Stack of books, pile of books, literature, reading. Hompepage blog 2009, arts and entertainment, history and society. BRITANNICA QUIZ Literary Favorites: Fact or Fiction? Love literature? This quiz sorts out the truth about beloved authors and stories, old and new. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. fashionable novel Home Literature Novels & Short Stories fashionable novel literary subgenre Alternate titles: “silver-fork” novel By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica • Edit History fashionable novel, early 19th-century subgenre of the comedy of manners portraying the English upper class, usually by members of that class. One author particularly known for his fashionable novels was Theodore Hook. Related Topics: novel comedy of manners
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ek time ek raza raheta tha wah bhot hi dayalu hua karta

  Login RAJA RAO Sections HomeLiteratureNovels & Short StoriesNovelists L-Z Raja Rao Indian writer Cite Share More WRITTEN BY The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... See Article History Raja Rao, (born November 8, 1908, Hassan, Mysore [now Karnataka], India—died July 8, 2006, Austin, Texas, U.S.), author who was among the most-significant Indian novelists writing in English during the middle decades of the 20th century. Raja Rao QUICK FACTS BORNNovember 8, 1908 Hassan, India DIEDJuly 8, 2006 (aged 97) Austin, Texas NOTABLE WORKS “The Serpent and the Rope” Descended from a distinguished Brahman family in southern India, Rao studied English at Nizam College, Hyderabad, and then at the University of Madras, where he received a bachelor’s degree in 1929. He left India for France to study literature and history at the University of Montpellier and the Sorbonne. Also while in France he married Camille Mouly, in 1931. He returned to India in 1933—the same year that, in Europe and the United States, some his earliest short stories were published—and spent the next decade there moving among ashrams. He also participated in the movement for Indian independence and engaged in underground activities against the British. Roa returned to France in 1948 and subsequently alternated for a time between India and Europe. He first visited the United States in 1950, and in 1966 he became a professor of philosophy at the University of Texasat Austin, though he continued to travel widely. He retired and was named professor emeritus in 1980. His first marriage having ended in 1949, he married twice more, in 1965 (to Catherine Jones) and 1986 (to Susan Vaught). Rao wrote a few of his early short stories in Kannada while studying in France; he also wrote in French and English. He went on to write his major works in English. His short stories of the 1930s were collected in The Cow of the Barricades, and Other Stories (1947). Like those stories, his first novel, Kanthapura (1938), is in a largely realist vein. It describes a village and its residents in southern India. Through its narrator, one of the village’s older women, the novel explores the effects of India’s independence movement. Kanthapura is Rao’s best-known novel, particularly outside India. His subsequent novels took an increasingly broad focus, and by 1988 one critic hazarded that Rao’s “greatest achievement is the perfection of the metaphysical novel.” Rao’s second novel, The Serpent and the Rope (1960), is an autobiographical account of the narrator, a young intellectualBrahman, and his wife seeking spiritual truth in India, France, and England. The novel takes Rao’s first marriage and its disintegration as its subject. More broadly, it investigates the intersections of Eastern and Western cultural traditions, a subject reinforced by the novel’s style, which brings together many literary forms and texts from across those traditions. The Serpent and the Ropedrew wide praise and is considered by many critics to be his masterpiece. .......
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Oromo people historically

Oromo language and people   Login Oromo Table of Contents HomeGeography & TravelHuman GeographyPeoples of Africa Oromo people Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica • Edit History Table of Contents Oromo, the largest ethnolinguistic group of Ethiopia, constituting more than one-third of the population and speaking a language of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Originally confined to the southeast of the country, the Oromo migrated in waves of invasions in the 16th century CE. They occupied all of southern Ethiopia, with some settling along the Tana River in Kenya; most of the central and western Ethiopian provinces, including the southern parts of the Amhara region; and, farther north, the Welo and Tigre regions near Eritrea. Wherever the Oromo settled in those physically disparate areas, they assimilated local customs and intermarried to such an extent that much of their original cultural cohesiveness was lost. They were eventually subjugated by the Amhara, the next largest ethnolinguistic group in Ethiopia. Related Topics:  Boran Oromo See all related content → The Oromo pursued pastoralism before the great migration, and that way of life still prevails for the great numbers of people in the southern provinces. In the east and north, however, long mingling and intermarrying with the Sidamo and Amhara resulted in the adoption of a sedentary agriculture.  READ MORE ON THIS TOPIC eastern Africa: Rise of the Oromo The challenge came from the Oromo, a Cushitic-speaking pastoralist people whose original... The southern groups, such as the Arusi and Boran (Borana) Oromo, have remained pagan, believing in a sky god. They have retained virtually intact the gada, or highly formalized age-set system (a system in which all members of society are included in separate age groups for life). Those traditions have been diluted in the north, where the Oromo are either Muslim or members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and where many Oromo have, through acculturation, become social equals to the dominant Amhara. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. HomeGeography & TravelHuman GeographyPeoples of Africa Shona people Actions Alternate titles: Mashona By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica • Edit History Table of Contents Shona, group of culturally similar Bantu-speaking peoples living chiefly in the eastern half of Zimbabwe, north of the Lundi River. The main groupings are the Zezuru, Karanga, Manyika, Tonga-Korekore, and Ndau.  Shona man Shona healer dressed in traditional costume, Zimbabwe. Hans Hillewaert The Shona are farmers of millet, sorghum, and corn (maize), the last being the primary staple, and a variety of other crops such as rice, beans, peanuts (groundnuts), and sweet potatoes. Cattle are kept by most groups, but, although useful for their milk, they are mainly for prestige, as a store of value, and for bride-price payments. Villages consist of clustered mud and wattle huts, granaries, and common cattle kraals (pens) and typically accommodate one or more interrelated families. Personal and political relations are largely governed by a kinship system characterized by exogamous clans and localized patrilineages. Descent, succession, and inheritance, with the exception of a few groups in the north that are matrilineal, follow the male line. Chiefdoms, wards, and villages are administered by hereditary leaders. Shona traditional culture, now fast declining, was noted for its excellent ironwork, good pottery, and expert musicianship. There is belief in a creator-god, Mwari, and a concern to propitiate ancestral and other spirits to ensure good health, rain, and success in enterprise. Elementary education, Christian missions, and partial urbanization have weakened traditional institutions and leadership. However, magic and witchcraft continue as important means of social control and explanations for disasters. Th... Load Next Page 
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