Mountbatten

On 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar) Pakistan gained independence. India gained independence the following day. Two of the provinces of British India, Punjab and Bengal, were divided along religious lines by the Radcliffe Commission. Lord Mountbatten is alleged to have influenced the Radcliffe Commission to draw the lines in India's favour.[39][40][41] Punjab's mostly Muslim western part went to Pakistan and its mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern part went to India, but there were significant Muslim minorities in Punjab's eastern section and light Hindus and Sikhs minorities living in Punjab's western areas. There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning. Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing in. However, an exception was made for Punjab which did not apply to other provinces.[42][43] Intense communal rioting in the Punjab forced the governments of India and Pakistan to agree to a forced population exchange of Muslim and Hindu/Sikh minorities living in Punjab. After this population exchange only a few thousand low-caste Hindus remained in Pakistani Punjab and only a tiny Muslim population remained in the town of Malerkotla in India's part of Punjab.[44] Political scientist Ishtiaq Ahmed says that although Muslims started the violence in Punjab, by the end of 1947 more Muslims had been killed by Hindus and Sikhs in East Punjab than the number of Hindus and Sikhs who had been killed by Muslims in West Punjab.[45][46][47] Nehru wrote to Gandhi on 22 August that up to then, twice as many Muslims had been killed in East Punjab than Hindus and Sikhs in West Punjab.[48] More than ten million people migrated across the new borders and between 200,000 and 2,000,000[49][50][51][52] people died in the spate of communal violence in the Punjab in what some scholars have described as a 'retributive genocide' between the religions.[53] The Pakistani government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men and similarly the Indian government claimed that Muslims abducted and raped 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women.[54][55][56] The two governments agreed to repatriate abducted women and thousands of Hindu, Sikh and Muslim women were repatriated to their families in the 1950s. The dispute over Kashmir escalated into the first war between India and Pakistan. With the assistance of the United Nations (UN) the war was ended but it became the Kashmir dispute, unresolved as of 2021.

Elizabeth was brought into the world in Mayfair, London, as the main offspring of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth). Her dad agreed to the high position in 1936 upon the relinquishment of his sibling, King Edward VIII, making Elizabeth the main successor possible. She was taught secretly at home and started to embrace public obligations during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she wedded Philip Mountbatten, a previous sovereign of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage endured 73 years until Philip's passing in 2021. They had four youngsters: Charles, Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex. At the point when her dad kicked the bucket in February 1952, Elizabeth — then, at that point, 25 years of age — became sovereign regnant of seven free Commonwealth nations: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon, as well as Head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth has ruled as an established ruler through major political changes like the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's promotion to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The quantity of her domains has shifted over the long haul as regions have acquired autonomy, and as certain domains have become republics. Her numerous memorable visits and gatherings incorporate state visits to the People's Republic of China in 1986, the Russian Federation in 1994, the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and visits to or from five popes. Critical occasions have remembered Elizabeth's crowning ordinance for 1953 and the festivals of her Silver, Golden, Diamond and Platinum celebrations in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, separately. Elizabeth is the longest-lived and longest-ruling British ruler, the most seasoned and longest-serving occupant head of state, and the second-longest reigning sovereign ruler in world history. She has confronted periodic conservative opinion and press analysis of the illustrious family, especially after the breakdown of her youngsters' relationships, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the passing in 1997 of her previous girl in-regulation Diana, Princess of Wales. Notwithstanding, support for the government in the United Kingdom has been and stays high, as does her own fame.