Necromancers Catalyst

Under the sky of history, whether you love or not, you are merely a speck of dust. No matter who you are, what you can grasp is only yourself.

The apocalypse arrived, and Irving was betrayed and killed by his own girlfriend. After his rebirth, he was chosen by the Will of the Blue Star to be an internal beta tester of the Shelter Game, starting with a [Tenfold Drop Rate] and becoming a [Necromancer]! Ferocious and brutal exotic beasts are all tamed by him, gradually forming a powerful "Exotic Beast Legion" under his command! Building sanctuaries, hoarding supplies, upgrading outer walls, setting traps... Constructing the most powerful fortress in the apocalypse! "Since I have been given a second life, I will trample those who've betrayed me once under my feet!" ... When the Dark Lord descended, Irving's shelter had become the strongest on the Blue Star! "You evil creatures, dare to covet Blue Star?" "Come on! Let me show you what true despair is..." "Remember, from now on, Blue Star is under my protection! Got it?"

“Is this a game or reality?” - Michael Norman ***** Apocalypse descended, and reality transformed into a game for a select few known as Awakeners. Between the ages of 16 and 18, every teenager had the chance to awaken a class and attain supernatural powers. Awakeners would then venture into a game-like world, the Land of Origin, seeking treasures and gaining tremendous strength. Michael transmigrated into this world at 18 and successfully awakened the Necromancer class. However, that was not all—Michael also unlocked a unique talent that allowed his undead summons to evolve infinitely. ..... [Little Skeleton has successfully evolved into Skeleton Soldier!] [Skeleton Mage has successfully evolved into Skeleton Summoner!] [Bone Dragon has successfully evolved into Undead Frost Dragon!] ...... With his powerful undead summons, Michael set out on a path to become a supreme legend. Tags: #Necromancer #Undead #Evolution #Armybuilding Join the discord: https://discord.gg/gVqqtyRe6b

The cosmic player, trapped inside a colossal alien spaceship for 10,000 years, clung to the hope of one day returning to Earth. Abducted and forced to adapt to the dangers of the spaceship, he must do whatever it takes to survive. With anger burning in his heart, he vows revenge against the aliens who tore his life apart. What to expect: Fantasy World and Adventure start later in the story. This novel is mostly fantasy, which you will see more later in the story. Also, 1st person writing will eventually switch to 3rd person writing later in the story as more characters are introduced. Other tags: Isekai, Evolution, Dungeon or Gates, Revenge, Summoning, Sci-fi, a little Romance, Necromancer. Keep reading to find out more. Discord: https://discord.gg/NNeHNANtrd

What will you do when the final boss of your favorite novel has increased its difficulty from hard to mission impossible. Watch Ash who is an extra, travels through the world where final boss is not demon lord but demon emperor. While female lead also receives a new prophecy, what changes will occur will they win.

"I should have stayed home and played video games." This was Ray's last thought before darkness engulfed him after he was hit by a car. But surprisingly, instead of finding himself before the gates of hell after dying, Ray found out he was transmigrated into another world. The world Ray was transmigrated to was called Arora World, a place where you can use different kinds of skills, magic, and even acquire powerful classes. Ray found himself in the body of a young boy named Evan, who was studying in a hunter academy after awakening his abilities at the age of fourteen. At first, Ray was happy that he was transmigrated into the body of someone who had awakened his abilities and could use the magic he always wanted to use. However, as Ray went through Evan's memories, he finally realized that everything was not as simple as he had expected. Evan had a unique physique that didn't allow him to increase his power like other people. Because of this useless unique physique, Evan was the weakest hunter in the entire academy. And that was not all; the more Ray looked at Evan's memories, the more he realized just how troublesome his situation was. "I know I entered this body without buying a ticket, but isn't this too much?" Ray said in a depressed voice after going through Evan's memories. Will Ray be able to survive in this new world? Is the physique of his new body really useless? Join Ray on his adventure to find out.

Humbra bleeds. Devastated by an unrelenting race for survival against the Leirions—powerful monsters intoxicated in their bloodlust. Humanity struggles to gain purchase at the edge of the abyss. The light of hope has been extinguished, ushering in the darkness and heralding echoes of lament... But from this despair, a new hope emerges: the Neumonds, wielders of powers that transcend life and death. Are they saviors... or harbingers of a final, devastating curse? Amidst the chaos, a young orphan, haunted by his brutal past, discovers he is the catalyst to a greater future. Behold Leonard, the one whose destiny entwines with ancient secrets, betrayals beyond reckoning, and a world-shattering rage.

Arthur awakens in a strange new world, where he could have chosen to be a mysterious necromancer or a powerful battle dwarf, but instead, he chooses to become a tiny gecko, situated at the very bottom of the food chain where 99% of the creatures can easily kill him. Despite his vulnerability, this gecko possesses an SSS-rank talent, allowing him to continuously evolve by consuming other creatures. Quickly, Arthur transforms from a frail gecko into a mighty dragon, ascending to the apex of this world and becoming a majestic being revered and admired by all other creatures.

The impostor Necromancer, with inferior forces, is hunted and rejected by others. The genuine Necromancer, with countless skeletons, becomes a ruling sovereign. After obtaining the Double Doors, Wu Heng discovered that his world was overrun with zombies. Plan A failed, and thus began the implementation of plan B for survival. Wu Heng chose to become a 'Necromancer.' Summoning undead is forbidden in this alien world? The post-apocalyptic planet is full of potential soldiers. Impossible to survive in a zombie-filled world? Then let me live and learn skills in this alien realm. Hence, an undead army armed with modern weaponry made its debut in this world. A calamity engulfs the world, a million skeletons rise. The Dead Bone Dragon, Undead King. (Double Doors + Necromancer + Magic + Fantasy World + Undead Catastrophe.)

【Necromancer】, Originating from ancient Europe, these mysterious wizards were often male, knowing how to summon and enslave the souls of the deceased to create undead creatures. Usually, those who practiced this craft had frail bodies, pale complexions, and twisted psyches, shunning and distrusting others. Some, who mastered the art, could even trade their flesh for an immortal Lich's life. But can someone tell me how to practice the art of necromancy in the 21st century? In a law-abiding society, I can't even get a skeleton! Misumi Mikoto: Doctor Chen, come quickly and help me examine this body; I can't find the cause of death! Jounouchi Hiromi: Doctor Chen, come check on this patient first; what exactly is wrong with him?

Kai Tensen’s life ends in a freak accident, only for him to wake up as a newborn in a completely different world filled with magic, danger, and a “System” providing him with information and secrets of the world. But his second chance at life takes a deadly turn when he discovers the truth: he’s the first necromancer in over 500 years, and the world will do anything to see him destroyed. Hunted by the fanatical Inquisition, Kai must outwit bounty hunters, corrupt mages, and even gods themselves to survive. As Kai’s strength grows, so does the danger. Each step into his newfound powers tests his humanity, forcing him to confront questions of loyalty, betrayal, and the cost of his ambition. But with whispers of a divine conspiracy and ancient relics that could shatter the gods’ control, Kai realizes his fight isn’t just for survival. It’s for revolution. In a world that brands him a monster, Kai vows to outlive his supressors. If they want a villain, he’ll give them one. The gods called him a curse and the church called him evil, but he’ll prove he’s their reckoning. Death is only the beginning. Author's Note: As you may know, I'm also the author of Fractured Horizon, a slightly futuristic fantasy/sci-fi novel about mutated human monsters and psychics that battle them. I also wrote My Undeath, a reincarnation novel set in a fantasy world. It wasn't my best work, but I loved writing the story. I put a lot more time and effort into Reborn with a Necromancer System, and ironed out the details for a while, plotting approximately 500 chapters for all of you. If you liked either of my other two novels, this novel has a lot more planned for it than the other two. ----------------------------------------------------- Schedule: 7-15 chapters per week Chapter Length 1,000-2,000 words ----------------------------------------------------- Disclaimers: 1. This world is not like Earth. Applying common sense to some basic principles is pointless. 2. There are not any planned harems, but perhaps multiple love interests. ----------------------------------------------------- Inspiration: D&D is a huge inspiration for this. And I have played as a necromancer-like character in dozens of games, read several books that had necromancers as either the main character, or the antagonist. Death has always been something that has interested me when it comes to my fiction, so I am hoping to share that with all of you. ----------------------------------------------------- Support the Author: Please use coins/stones/golden tickets, or review my novel!

What happens when a reincarnation goes horribly wrong? Oran Farrow is not who he used to be. The soul inhabiting his body was once a sick man on earth, suffering from chronic pain and despair. He prayed for an end to his torment, and death answered. Only death wasn’t the end, it was a new beginning. Now in a different world, with a body and name that are not his own, he must learn to navigate a world of monsters and magic. For most people dealing with demon cultists, a lovesick necromancer, and worst of all, being a shambling corpse, would be hard. But after the life he’s had, Oran couldn’t be happier!

Berlatar dimana dunia berubah selamanya. Retakan portal dimensi yang disebut Void Rift muncul secara tiba-tiba di berbagai belahan dunia, membawa bencana yang tidak pernah dibayangkan manusia. Dari celah itu, makhluk-makhluk mengerikan mengalir keluar, menghancurkan kota-kota dan mengguncang peradaban. Namun, di saat umat manusia hampir menyerah, fenomena lain terjadi para dewa menaburkan Dust of Light ke planet bumi sehingga debu cahaya berhamburan dari langit, membangkitkan sebagian manusia dengan kekuatan luar biasa. Mereka disebut Sentinels, prajurit yang mampu menantang kegelapan dan memasuki Void Rift dalam ekspedisi berbahaya demi menyelamatkan dunia. Bercerita seorang mahasiswa biasa yang bernama Kaelindra Azrath di tahun pertama kuliahnya, mengalami insiden mengerikan sekaligus membangkitkan kekuatannya menjadi seorang sentinel. Namun, saat kebanyakan Sentinels langsung menjadi pahlawan kuat, dia hanya mendapatkan kebangkitan tingkat rendah nyaris tidak berguna dalam menghadapi monster yang semakin mengerikan. Hingga suatu hari, ia mengalami insiden yang mengerikan ke 2 kalinya sehingga sesuatu dalam dirinya berubah. Sebuah suara asing muncul di pikirannya AI yang seharusnya hanya ada di laptopnya, kini menuntunnya ke jalan yang tak pernah ia bayangkan. Tanpa mengetahui bahwa dirinya adalah kunci dari sebuah rahasia kuno, Kaelindra perlahan-lahan melangkah ke takdir yang akan mengguncang dunia... dan mungkin, menghancurkannya.

As the final dragon lay defeated, Aaran stared at the sky while the rest celebrated. [Awaiting the gods’ response...] He clenched his fists, his heart pounding. A shred of hope flickered in his eyes, only to be extinguished like always. [The attained outcome was deemed unsatisfactory.] Aaran had seen the message for the twentieth time. He had become the gods’ plaything in their desire to witness the “perfect ending”. He regressed once again, but this time as a toddler and charm being the only stat he had. But something was amiss. The world he remembered had changed. Powers that did not exist before had taken hold of the world. Tired of following the traditional route, Aaran chose to fight darkness with darkness… as the gods’ chosen necromancer! *** Discord Link: https://discord.gg/bjetmPER5p

[Wsa entry] "If only I could control the dead, then I wouldn't need to be afraid of death." This was the mentality Adonis carried with him throughout his teenage years. Death. The thought of it hunted him. And just as he feared, he found himself succumbing to the very thing he feared. "Am I....dead?" Unlike how he had imagined, Adonis found himself waking up in the body of a slave, one that was thrown into a dungeon filled with monsters to fend for himself. Things were not as hopeless as Ha joon noticed he didn't reincarnate alone, no, he had his Necromancy System with him. [Notice, you have killed a goblin, would you like to extract his soul?] [Soul has met the condition, you can now proceed with the extraction.] [You have extracted a soul.] [Congratulations, you have a new soldier under your command.] [You have gained some skills from the Dark Goblin.] [You can now upgrade your summons via experience points.] With his newly founded power, Ha Joon decide to rule the new world he had stepped into. Surpassing any he came across, and most importantly, surpassing death. ....

This is story of Arin, who was transmigrated from his dying world to a strange world which was also destined to death and destruction, until Arin stepped in. This is his journey from being a simple Necromancer who had immense hate for humanity, to becoming a Dark Lord who would rein supreme and save the very Humanity he once abhorred.

Dumar, bio-engineered assassin, shoots himself in the head in an attempt to escape the purpose he was created for. Upon wakening, Dumar finds himself in a plain, stone built room with simple wooden furnishings and no décor. He also finds he is paralysed. Transported to another world by Grethron, a necromancer, to kill his brother Malthrom, Dumar realises he will never be free of the fate he has been created for, even killing himself had not changed anything. Grethron takes Dumar to the palace to see the queen who apologises to Dumar for her brother-in-law’s defiling of his soul. Dumar discovers Grethron’s brother, Malthrom, invaded the kingdom before and is gearing up to do the same again. Using his necromancy, Malthrom enslaves unwilling people to join his army and begins his march north. Dumar is drawn in and honoured by the people but will he break his own vow never to kill or let the people he has come to care for suffer?

Catastrophic Necromancer / National Transfer: Necromancer! I Am A Disaster / Necromancer! I Am the Calamity The game descends upon reality, world rules are overturned, and humanity enters an era of universal career change. Magical beasts run rampant! Secret realms, dungeons, and abysses are countless! Terror and treasures coexist! Danger and opportunity go hand in hand! Only by becoming a career changer, leveling up, and growing stronger can one stand at the pinnacle of the world! On the day of career change, Lin Moyu becomes the sole hidden profession: Necromancer. He obtains a god-level talent, with just level 1 talent enhancing all skills tenfold. He gains a god-level passive skill, transferring all damage to his summons. From now on, as long as his summons don't perish, Lin Moyu won't die. "Endless god-level skeleton warriors!" "Billions of lich mages!" "Countless undead bone dragons!" "Can you withstand it?" Under the curse, even gods turn to bones. Corpses explode, the sky falls and the earth shatters, the world collapses. "I sit high upon the throne of bones, walking between life and death." "I am the calamity!"

Ciel is an esper from the now destroyed last stronghold of humanity, Bastion City. The city had survived long past the dreaded Judgment Day, when eternal flames suddenly engulfed the earth and the ghastly fallen appeared. Such an event served as a catalyst for a surge in the supernatural and mystical activities and now monsters and aberrations alike infest the world, morphing into yet another threat which humanity must combat in order to survive within their new reality. Two years after its destruction, Ciel, along with the last of humanity, find themselves beaten and all but defeated. Desperate to change this outcome, Ciel deploys one of the few tricks left at his disposal, that being his ability to manifest each of the major arcana cards into the real world, and successfully regresses to the past. However due to his unstable power his soul fails to withstand the arduous journey back and shatters into twenty two pieces. These pieces each represent a major arcana card which have been given shape as clones. If Ciel ever hopes to reach and surpass the strength his future self wielded as well as accomplish his wish of helping his previous mentor, he must now take it upon himself to hunt down each clone and become whole again. Such a task will not be easy, for the clones not only hold pieces of himself but of his old power as well. Beyond that each is ready for the bloody battle that awaits, that of hunter and prey. While Ciel is occupied attempting to complete the daunting task set before him, his previous mentor has already started her new life as an Officer of NSRA, the agency responsible for the eradication of monsters within Bastion… Just how will these two fates collide? What to expect: [Weak to Strong] [Two POV’s] [Futuristic City] [Supernatural] [Action] [Monsters] [Apocalyptic Setting] [Slow Burn]

[Warning: MATURE/R-18 Content] Noah Ashford, the son of the village chief. And also, he was a reincarnator, who accidentally died by an unexpected event. Since childhood, he was always considered smart by his friends. Unfortunately, his talent was too low, leaving him far behind. Due to his low talent, he was always the object of ridicule, always talked about by the villagers. Luckily, one day when he was almost killed by a monster, something strange happened to him. He got a system, called talent increased. *** Others tags: Adventure, Weak to Strong, Strong to Stronger, Killed, Level Up, Revenge, Hated Protagonist, Academy, Netori, No incest, Princess, Priest, Hero, Knight, Dragons, Demons, Magic Mana, Divinity, Skills, Rewards, Potions, Training, Hard Training, Body Enchament, Spirits, Elves, Dwarfs, Necromancer, Beast Taiming, Beats, Dryads, World Tree, Contract Spirits, Divinity, Holy Magic, Saints, Commander, Milf, Kings, Continent, Imperials, Nobles, Kingdoms, Tournament, Rivals, Emperors, Prince, Princess, Resistance, Conflict, War, Power Level System, Longevity, Cold Protagonist Slice of Life: WPC JUNE 2024 *** Donate me: Ko-fi: ko-fi.com/dylanhusand Paypal: paypal.com/dylanhusan *** Disclaimer: the cover on this book is not mine, hope u all understand. No Plagiarisme, No Rasisme, No Cultivation, No Yuri Simp! REMEMBER! NO NTR TO ALL PROTAGONIST WOMEN!

In 'Hope & Destiny', Mohammed Umar weaves a poignant tale of self-discovery, perseverance, and the unbreakable human spirit. Against the backdrop of a world filled with uncertainty and adversity, the story follows its protagonist as they navigate the complexities of life, love, and faith. Through a journey of trials and triumphs, the protagonist comes to realize that hope is not merely a fleeting emotion, but a powerful catalyst for transformation. As they strive to fulfill their destiny, they must confront their deepest fears, confront the darkness, and emerge into the light. Will they find the strength to overcome the obstacles in their path? Can they hold onto hope when all seems lost? 'Hope & Destiny' is a heartwarming and thought-provoking exploration of the human condition, inviting readers to reflect on their own journey and the power of hope to shape their destiny.

Lucian, a young human has died and met the goddess of death. She has chosen him as her agent of chaos and personal plaything, to bring about an apocalypse that will fix the imbalance of the world and resume death's natural course. Will he allow himself to be manipulated and succumb to his new instincts, or will he take another path and live his new life the way he would want? This book contains NSFW content. This story will be updated daily. *AI generated cover art

For centuries, the world has been torn between two divine forces—Lumina, the radiant light of creation, and Umbra, the consuming force of transformation. Angels, born from the sacred Yggdrasil, claim dominion over Lumina, believing it to be the essence of purity. Demons, forged in the Abyss, embrace Umbra, seeing destruction as a path to renewal. Their eternal war was once contained within their celestial and infernal realms—until the Veil shattered. When the sacred barrier between worlds collapsed, Aether—the breath of existence—spilled into the Mortal Realm, twisting lands and beings alike. Amid the chaos, a prophecy whispered of a power that could either restore the Veil… or break it completely. Nimfa, a celestial who questions the rigid beliefs of her kind, descends into the mortal world seeking answers, defying the very laws of heaven. Noir, the son of the demon warlord Malgrath, dreams not of conquest, but of freedom—freedom from the cycle of endless war. Bound by fate, yet standing on opposite sides, they must face a world unraveling at the seams. But destiny is rarely kind. Among the ruins of a fallen kingdom, they encounter Miru, a fragile beastkin child who has known only suffering, her innocence crushed by the cruelty of men. As she clings to them, seeking the warmth of a family she lost, both Nimfa and Noir must make a choice—will they forsake the child to the fate of war, or will they defy their own natures to protect her? As the battle between angels and demons rages on, unseen forces move in the shadows. The truth behind the Veil’s destruction, the origins of Aether, and the forgotten sins of gods themselves begin to surface. Will Nimfa and Noir become the catalysts for a new era of balance—or will they be the final pawns in a war that was never meant to end? In a world where light and shadow refuse to coexist, two outcasts and a lost child hold the fate of all realms in their hands. And time is running out.

Brought to you by the same author of "Rise of the Undead Legion" Disclaimer: This is a story where there will be some hot scenes (later down the line) As for the start of the story, it is an Academy setting, but it's not the main premise, it's a full world to explore, with continents and dungeon crawling and battles A LOT of battles,. But this academy is the starting point. So please don't judge it poorly Ludwig Heart, the heir to a vast fortune and a life of luxury, craves only one thing: freedom from his gilded cage. But when a plane crash catapults him into a world of magic and danger, he awakens not as the hero he dreamed of, but as a victim in a twisted ritual. Trapped between the ambitions of dark necromancers and the wrath of vengeful gods, Ludwig must navigate a deadly new reality where his life is no longer his own. Stripped of privilege and resurrected as an undead pawn, Ludwig’s fight for survival will determine whether he reclaims his destiny—or becomes a mere footnote in a world of shadows and deceit.

Wein Serin was nothing more than an aimless commoner wandering the galaxy—until fate intervened. In a twist of destiny, he saves Baron Neilson Voss, one of the most powerful nobles in the Galactic Empire. With no living heirs, the Baron repays his debt by granting Wein his title. Now, thrust into a world of treacherous politics, hidden wars, and ancient secrets, Wein must navigate the dangers of an empire where nobility are revered as near-divine beings, wielding unimaginable power far beyond that of commoners. Can he rise to become one of the Empire’s most formidable rulers, or will he be the catalyst for its downfall?

"You're too weak to know the truth." Ken has spent his life seeking answers about his mother’s death, but his father refuses to reveal the secret. Determined to uncover the truth, Ken embarks on a path to strength, earning a place at the most prestigious academy on the Undead Continent. But the deeper he digs, the more he realizes his mother’s past was anything but ordinary. Whispers of an ancient power, a force beyond mortal understanding, seem to follow his every step. Was her death truly an accident, or was she caught in a battle far beyond his comprehension? As dark forces stir and forgotten secrets resurface, Ken must rise beyond his limits. Will he master the art of necromancy and uncover the truth hidden from him for so long? Or will he become just another pawn in a game played by beings far greater than him? Join Ken on a journey of power, mystery, and destiny. Author note: The cover is Ai generated, I welcome any fan arts that you guys will make, The best one will be the new cover!!

In the war with the Draxuenes Azael lost both his parents leaving him with a unknown stone that gives him powerful abilities and immense strength

"No I'm not biased and obsessed with the dead. You people really just piss me off, simple as that." a man that was blessed with a curse gets put into a world filled with magic and swords. after finding his strength and weaknesses and his power as a necromancer, he decides to wield it differently than what most do... Earning the loyalty of the dead.

[Warning! Mature Content!] The world was destroyed, torn to shreds by the war as it raged on. With the falling of nuclear bombs, the mutation strangely adapted and became an entirely new element. Those who couldn't withstand this mutation became beings tethering on the edge of life and death, becoming undead. Only a small population remains on the earth now. In this small population, some can adapt to the mutation and awaken unique powers in the apocalypse, while others are entirely unaffected, still like normal people. Ray was just a normal E-class awakener, but a faithful purple crystal changed everything. Through the purple crystal, a "system" activated inside him, which could allow him to get stronger the more he spreads his genes. Necromancer, wizard, martial artist to sorcerer - every single skill was possible as long as he spread his genes. From that moment, Ray walked the path of spreading his genes "for the sake of humanity." Author note: My MC is not some stupid shit who likes the enjoyment of being stupid, although he might not be the most high IQ person but he tries his best to strive for perfection and will do everything to get stronger, also he cares for his woman and doesn't abandon them. Join my Discord(new): https://discord.gg/jKNMtAHfet #no ntr, yaoi or yuri

Cosmological Defects offers a sweeping, in-depth exploration into the relics of the early universe, charting a course from the primordial chaos of the Big Bang to the intricate tapestry of modern cosmological research. This definitive volume begins with an accessible introduction to cosmological defects and the dramatic phase transitions that set the stage for their formation (Chapter 1–2) and then delves into the mechanics of symmetry breaking and the influential Kibble-Zurek mechanism (Chapter 3). It builds a robust theoretical framework by systematically classifying topological defects—from the one-dimensional filaments of cosmic strings (Chapter 5) and the two-dimensional cosmic boundaries of domain walls (Chapter 6) to the point-like magnetic monopoles (Chapter 7), and extending further into the realm of complex, unstable defects such as textures and skyrmions (Chapter 8). The journey continues as the book ventures "beyond standard defects" to explore the role of extra dimensions and the emergence of hybrid structures from multiple symmetry breakings (Chapter 9), while also showcasing the latest astronomical methods that link theory with observation (Chapter 10). In a broader cosmological context, it examines how these defects might have seeded large-scale structures and acted as catalysts in cosmic evolution (Chapter 11). The final chapters bring the discussion full circle—synthesizing theory and observation into a comprehensive conclusion (Chapter 12) and providing a critical analysis of the seminal references that have shaped the field (Chapter 13). Drawing upon a wealth of highly credible, peer-reviewed research—from seminal works by Kibble, Linde, and Vilenkin to transformative observational studies by the Planck Collaboration—Cosmological Defects is an essential resource for PhD-level scholars and researchers. It not only presents complex ideas in a clear and engaging manner but also offers deep insights into the current challenges and future directions of cosmology, ensuring that readers gain a thorough understanding of both the historical context and cutting-edge developments in the study of the universe’s most enigmatic structures.