The shells descended in a high arc, making it almost impossible for them to bounce effectively. These shells, intended for Napoleon, were prepared by Joseph and would once again change the role of artillery—a crucial weapon called shrapnel. At first, Joseph had grand ideas of developing high-explosive shells to bypass these, but he immediately encountered several challenges:
The first problem was the stability of the shell. High-explosive shells needed to ensure the fuse touched the ground, which required rifled guns. But rifled guns needed large amounts of steel, which in turn required...
If that wasn't feasible, using tail-fins for stability was another option. However, this introduced two more problems. One was the reliability of triggering the fuse, which seemed challenging in the short term. The other was the perennial issue of insufficient gunpowder and explosives. Thus, the need for shells with less explosive material led to the alternative of shrapnel. Even this alternative, however, further transformed the role of artillery in warfare.
After the appearance of the Minié rifle, cannons found themselves in an awkward position. Solid shot artillery couldn't effectively target dispersed infantry, and canister shot's effective range was even shorter than that of the Minié rifle. As a result, cannons, once front and center on the battlefield, became support weapons.
But the arrival of shrapnel shells shifted the advantage of range back into the hands of the artillery.
Shrapnel shells were essentially iron barrels filled with shot. They were fired from cannons and exploded at the right altitude, releasing the shot. These were winged shrapnel, specially designed to be fired at a 45-degree angle by specially made guns, even outdistancing solid shot shells. With their curved trajectory, they could even clear obstacles to strike targets behind them.
Additionally, shrapnel shells played a unique tactical role in creating barriers. When soldiers on both sides had engaged in close combat, artillery was typically rendered ineffective. After all, this wasn't a game, and the enemy could distinguish our artillery shells from the in-game magical ones.
However, troops equipped with shrapnel shells, with the assistance of observation balloons, could fire shrapnel over the intense melee, directly targeting the enemy's rear, hindering enemy reinforcements. If our reinforcements continuously poured into the critical areas while the enemy's couldn't, the outcome of the battle was no longer in doubt.
French shrapnel rained down on the Russian reinforcements, and compared to the previous land mines, these falling objects resembled hail more, covering unfortunate Russian soldiers like sheaves of wheat falling in a storm.
In this battle, the Russian army lost nearly 8,000 men. While this number might not seem significant compared to the approximately 60,000 total Russian soldiers, these were all combatants. In fact, combatants typically constituted only about half of a military's total personnel. For a Russian army of 60,000, the loss of 8,000 soldiers was not a small number.
What's more, these 8,000 casualties were among the most elite of the Russian army. In a sense, this battle had thoroughly crushed the Russian army's offensive capabilities. Now the Russian army had no strength left to launch an attack against the French.
Even more devastating was the loss of confidence in the Russian army. Faced with the technology of the "First in European Continental France," perhaps even the "First in the World," Russian soldiers at all levels were filled with defeatism. Even the old marshal privately complained, "Why is the gap between our country's science and technology and France so vast? How can we fight like this?" In a letter to a friend's grandson encouraging him to study science, he wrote:
"Alyosha, I know you'd rather become a general. But your grandfather and I believe you have greater talent in science. Learning science well and becoming a scientist will be of greater help to Russia than becoming a general. You must know that science and technology are the most formidable combat power..."
The Russian army had lost confidence, and the Austrian army had even less. They already suffered from a severe case of Napoleonophobia, and this time, it was the Russian army being defeated. Because morale was so low, the Austrian army couldn't undertake an offensive role, even if it was the Russians who had lowered morale. Even when observing the state of the Austrian army, they unanimously concluded: "These people can't be used for the toughest breakthrough stage of combat; otherwise, they may become a clear and exploitable weakness."
So this time, the Austrians didn't get beaten up, but they watched how the Russians got beaten. In this battle, the Russians demonstrated higher tactical skill and combat spirit compared to the Austrians. The Austrians understood this well. However, despite losing the courage to attack, the Russians still had the courage to continue facing the French in a defensive battle. In the face of the French army, on the other hand, the Austrians lost even the will to defend. For several days, Austrian generals approached Archduke John, hoping he would request a retreat.
While Archduke John wasn't known for his strategic insight (mainly due to his poor adaptability), he still understood the basics. He knew that, given the current state of the allied forces, safe retreat in front of the enemy was impossible. True, if they retreated, the French would pursue relentlessly, and a complete rout was likely.
He also knew that his generals couldn't be ignorant of these facts. If even these generals were making impractical requests, it showed the extent of the Austrians' shattered morale.
"Your Highness, we can suggest to the Russians to divide our armies, and my forces will move to establish another camp to the northeast. This way, if the French attack, we can support each other from different angles. Then, when the Russians aren't looking, we can run away quickly..." Some shameless individuals had even come up with such elaborate plans.
To appease everyone, Archduke John had to say to them, "Now, the British and Prussians have achieved significant victories in the north. The French will likely have to recall Napoleon's forces to defend Paris. We just need to hold out a little longer, and the French will likely have to retreat. If we run away first, will the Russians stay behind? Then, everyone will run, and in the end, no one will escape!"
Archduke John's assessment of the situation was rather accurate. On the same day Napoleon repelled the Russian general attack, the British-Prussian coalition also launched a general assault on Liège. Although the French put up a brave defense, their attacks were making steady progress. They captured several important positions, and the French defense in Liège was nearing collapse. The fall of Liège was almost certain.
Once Liège fell, there was no longer any defensible positions all the way to Verdun. And if Verdun couldn't be held, Paris would be directly exposed to the enemy.
In this situation, the provisional government had to send orders to Napoleon, urging him to return to defend Paris, while simultaneously calling upon the people of Paris to rise up, just like in 1792, to organize a militia and defend the homeland.
However, the people of Paris did not respond as they did in '92. The times had changed. To use the words of Sophie, a maid once employed by Joseph, "Before the revolution, I had no bread to eat; after the revolution, I still have no bread to eat. Did we not just have the revolution in vain?"
The government members, parliamentarians, and other respectable individuals had grown wealthy, but for the common people, they hadn't gained much real benefits. For them, the revolution that demanded their blood and sacrifice seemed to have been in vain. So why should they shed blood and sacrifice for it again?
Furthermore, in '92, the Duke of Brunswick issued a highly untimely threat to sack Paris, which riled up the people and served as the revolutionary government's best mobilization tool. But today, the more prudent British and Prussians no longer made such statements. Without their support, the provisional government struggled to mobilize the people.
Thankfully, Carnot's efforts in creating conscription mechanisms over the years had gradually improved, and through conscription, the provisional government managed to raise over a hundred thousand troops. But these soldiers, while more skilled militarily than the '92 volunteer militias, didn't possess the same morale.
In this regard, Paris was indeed in imminent danger.
This afternoon, Napoleon received new dispatches from Joseph, bearing bad news for France but good news for the Bonaparte family. "The British-Prussian coalition has captured Liège, and the French army has suffered heavy losses. General Joubert has fallen back to Verdun."
Upon receiving the dispatch, Napoleon was overjoyed. He immediately sent an emissary to the Russian-Prussian coalition, returning their wounded and proposing a ceasefire and peace negotiations.