Galicia-Lodomeria: Poverty, culture and politics]
Despite declines in international trade and the slowdown in Russian economic growth compared to previous years, there were still some regions that did exceptionally well during economic restructuring for various reasons.
This was the case of Galicia-Lodomeria, one of the western regions of the Russian Empire, which was annexed from the late Austria-Hungary.
It is necessary to understand, to put ourselves in context, that Galicia-Lodomeria actually suffered 2 economic restructurings instead of just 1 during this period of time.
The first economic restructuring came when Russia annexed the region to the Empire, and the second came with the start of public construction policies due to the post-Fashoda War global recession.
The region, made up of Poles (in the western parts) and Ukrainians (called little Russians by the great Russians, inhabiting mostly the eastern parts of the region) among many other ethnic groups (Galician Germans, Jews, Hungarians, Armenians, etc.) it underwent considerable changes.
What was this due to?
Very simple, the region was previously very poor economically, both industrial (little industrialization or industrial centers) and agricultural (technological backwardness, low productivity, problems with the distribution of land and its resources), where the level (low literacy, few job alternatives, etc.) and life expectancy was extremely low (for example, life expectancy did not exceed 30 years for either gender).
One of the reasons was the lack of development of roads and railways, the region was abandoned or damaged on purpose by the government of Vienna, and as Galicia-Lodomeria was forced to fixate on Austria-Hungary (and its internal markets) it found itself quite isolated. Disconnected from more favorable routes and markets for its situation.
With the Russian annexation of the territory, it meant that many of the old Habsburg taxes were now removed, and Galicia-Lodomeria could be re-integrated into other trade routes, those of Eastern Europe.
The situation was perfect for the government to begin to integrate the region, and the Galician peasantry would reap the fruits of such integration.
With this we come to the second restructuring, which plays a vital role in the development of Galicia-Lodomeria in the Russian Empire.
To face unemployment and economic setbacks, the government starts public works projects, and one of the places that benefits the most turns out to be Galicia-Lodomeria.
Precisely because the Alexandrian government wanted to integrate this new region into the Empire and they took advantage of the opportunity of their new policies, guaranteeing a great improvement in the relations of the Galician peasantry with their new state.
The central government began the construction of modern railways and roads, began the construction of new hospitals (for the control of smallpox, typhus, syphilis and cholera, among other diseases), more schools and universities in the countryside and large cities (Krakow , Lviv / Lwów).
In addition, the government began to send some surplus agricultural-meat products (and sugar) to the region, which had enormous annual food problems. The modernization of agricultural work also had to begin, for this reason part of the Russian automotive industry could begin to move factories for the production of tractors to Galicia-Lodomeria.
These projects on the one hand benefited job creation (for Russians from various parts of the empire and natives) and also benefited the region itself.
This meant that in some years the famines would end, it meant that literacy would increase (and therefore alternatives for the population), a decrease in infant and general mortality, an increase in trade and industrial development.
It would take a while of course, but the Russian government was already taking steps in the right direction. The government of Tsar Alexander III did not want to leave peripheral regions behind (it would leave them vulnerable to future enemies and possibly increase internal separatism in Russia).
Another huge reform that helped, and is not usually mentioned, is the school lunch project that was carried out in Galicia-Lodomeria. There were similar programs in Moscow and Saint Petersburg after the educational reform but this project was a lot more bigger, Galicia-Lodomeria was precisely the site of experimentation to bigger lunch school programs in the Empire (other zones of the Empire were a lot better in food situation but still).
This was due to the fact that the farmers of Galicia-Lodomeria had a serious feeding problem, they consumed few calories, meat and lacked healthy diets. Besides, no parent would want to send his starving child to school.
With this project, the Russian government currently motivated the parents of Galicia-Lodomeria to send their children to school and could educate the children through this project, it also gave the Russian government even more support-propaganda at the local level.
The project also taught children about a wider variety of foods, better ways of caring for health, and held exhibits to teach about modern agriculture (agriculture modernization projects).
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*Politics.
But while the central government's economic policies toward the region could be very successful, they posed some problems for certain parts of the population.
In particular for the old landowners, the elimination of Austria-Hungary and the new economic realities supposed the beginning of an agrarian reform (the distribution of territories of the landowners who died or left, state properties, etc.).
The change of power meant that the thousands of families of large landowners found themselves in a less privileged situation with respect to Austria-Hungary, now there were thousands of other noble families, and favorable policies for the Galician peasantry.
There was another problem, the elites of the Galicia-Lodomeria territory did not feel oriented towards Eastern Europe.
Most of them considered themselves more oriented towards Central-Eastern Europe, after all they had lived for centuries in Habsburg territory and not in Russian territory (as for example the Ukrainians / Little Russians of Novo Rossiya, Eastern Ukraine).
This aroused among certain groups nationalist sentiments, anti-Russian opinions and opposition to the pro-Russian positions of Galician and Ukrainian peasants further east.
It was a geographical, historical and to some extent cultural division within the Russian Empire (at least between Galicia-Lodomeria and other Ukrainian lands of the empire).
Of course, where there is this opposition, there are also currently collaborators. Galician Russophilia (Ukrainian, Галицьке русофільство) or Moscophiles (Ukrainian, Москвофіли) among Ukrainians, Lemkos and Rusyns.
This Russophilic thought was due to the pan-Slavism developed in Europe, it was emphasized that because the Eastern Slavs of Galicia were descendants of the inhabitants of Kievan Rus (Ruthenians) and followers of Eastern Christianity, they were another branch of the Russian people (depended on the group, some considered themselves within the Russian nation or a somewhat different branch).
Coining terms like Obshche-rossy (common Russians) or Starorusyny (old Ruthenians).
The end of Austria-Hungary meant the survival of many of these Russophiles, who had an influence on cultural, religious and political life in the region.
With the success of economic policies towards the peasants, there would be an increase in local favor towards the government, but the Russian government also relied on cooperation with local elites to maintain control.
That is why Tsar Alexander III began to cooperate with the Galician Moscophiles to further facilitate the new economic policies, the transition from the Austro-Hungarian government to the Russian government and the aforementioned population control.
For example there was the group Ruska Rada (Ruthenian Council), with which the government began to work.
The authorities only asked the descent of more problematic opinions, such as anti-Semitism.
The Moscophiles were then the preferred group of the government, as opposed to the Westernphiles of certain parts of the nobility and the Ukrainophiles, or also called Populists (Narodovtsi).
The Ukrainophiles were part of the secular intelligentsia during the Austro-Hungarian period, the clergy and the nobility, who carried out cooperative activities to attract the Galician peasantry to their side.
However, the central government's monetary-political support for the Moscophiles, the policies of economic intervention and the increase of Russian citizens (railway workers, doctors and educated personnel) gave a wide advantage in popular favor to the Moscophiles over their competitors.
This did not mean the elimination of all anti-government elements (after all creating a social monolith in such a massive country is impossible) but it did help to facilitate things, allowing the supremacy of a favorable group over unfavorable groups.
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[Dynasty]
On August 11, the third child and first daughter of Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich Romanov and Princess Elena of Montenegro are born.
Named by her parents Maria Nikolaevna Romanov, the girl receives the title of Grand Duchess from her grandfather (and the laws of the imperial house), Tsar Alexander III.
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[War between Hellenes and Turks?]
The world economic crisis deeply affected the Kingdom of Greece, industrialization stopped and therefore the Greek industry was crumbling like a sand castle, the reductions in international trade caused damage to the trade of Greece that depended on the import of products from the Middle East and Europe (United Kingdom and Russia) for many needs and finally there was a rampant inflation (with a drachma whose value did not stop falling), the central banks of Greece failed in their policies to keep the drachma afloat and foreign exchange reserves disappeared.
The urban-rural situation was certainly chaos, since the last Russo-Turkish war there was now much more land and population, so an agrarian reform came, but refugees from Asia Minor also increased the demographics of the cities. This also meant an increase in problems, defense needs (military, police, quarantine) and expenses (in education, infrastructure, etc.), with little benefit due to the damage to Greek industry and international trade.
In the midst of all this there was a rise in Greek nationalism (at least in the more urban parts of the Kingdom of Greece), the Greeks had gained a lot at relatively low cost, but now faced new economic problems which they had failed, they could not. respond appropriately.
So in a sense a distraction was needed, and also old tensions were coming back with relative force.
On August 21, the Greek Foreign Ministry began to read all the letters and messages from the State of Ionia, Russia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and other countries. The Greek foreign minister, Athos Romanos, defended that now all these messages should be read by the ministry.
Obviously this drew a lot of criticism and negative responses from affected foreign nations, Ionia in particular felt threatened and the Russian Empire warned Greece not to repeat actions of this type.
Athos Romanos would present his resignation in November 1901.
But the tensions between the Kingdom of Greece and the State of Ionia did not stop.
We must take into account how the State of Ionia was, one more member of the Russosphere, led by a military elite of Turks who collaborated with Russia. Demographically, the rural environment was mainly Turkish-speaking and Muslim, but on its western coasts there was a high concentration of Greeks (and Armenians), especially in the urban environment.
The Greek nationalists wanted in particular the unification of Greece with these Hellenes in Ionia, which would mean fulfilling the Megali Idea. But obviously the Turkish military junta did not want this, it would mean the loss of valuable territory.
On August 24, the Ionian bomber, the Zuhaf (one of the few elements of the Ionian fleet), patrolling the Ionian coasts until it encountered ships of the Greek navy, which had left Crete (base of the group of ships) to get dangerously close to the national waters of the state of Ionia.
The Zuhaf insisted that the Greek ships should turn back, which was taken in a bad way by the Greeks (problems of interpretation and nationalism), almost leading to the confrontation between Greeks and Turks.
The Russian Empire, led by Tsar Alexander III, interfered again, calling on the Greek reactions to avoid a war against Ionia over the Zuhaf Incident.
Greek nationalists on the other hand demonstrated in various parts of the country calling for the annexation of the Hellenic lands of the State of Ionia, such as the city of Smirna (one of the great objectives of these nationalists).
However the government of George I and Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis ignored these nationalists, and while still relatively independent, they followed the Tsar's warnings to avoid a war.
In Ionia there were different reactions, as mentioned, its population was uneven. The leadership of course was not happy, but there were Greeks within the country who supported Enosis among themselves and the Kingdom of Greece.
The country's Turks on the other hand were rather neutral at the moment, there was not such a strong Turkish nationalist impulse yet.
The Russians, for the time being, gave the government military a couple of new subsidies for particular projects (contracting with Russian factories to produce weapons and boots, civilian production and various infrastructure).
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[Diplomacy: Boxer Protocols]
On September 7, 1901, the Boxer Rebellion formally ends, with the states of Russia, Qing (China), United States, France, Germany, United Kingdom and Japan (among other minor states) recognizing the Boxer Protocols, which refer to to the peace treaty and its measures.
1-450 million taels of fine silver (around 18,000 tonnes, worth more than $ 333 million and £ 67 million) were to be paid as indemnity over a course of 39 years to the eight nations involved.
2-The taels would be divided as follows: United Kingdom 27.69%, Germany 26.27%, France 20.75%, Japan 10.24%, United States 7.73% and Russia with 7.32%.
3- The Qing dynasty would be prohibited from importing arms and ammunition, as well as materials for the production of arms or ammunition for a period of 2 years, extendable for another 2 years if the powers of the treaty deemed it necessary.
4-The forts of Taku, China would be destroyed.
5-The legations occupied by the foreign powers of the treaty will be considered as a special area reserved for their use under, with exclusive control, in whose lands the Chinese will not have the right to reside and it is also defensible by foreign powers. China recognizes the right of each country involved to maintain a permanent guard in such legations.
6-Boxers and pro-Boxer government officials would be punished for crimes or attempted crimes against foreign governments and their citizens. In general they were executed, demoted or forced to commit suicide.
7-The "Office in Charge of Affairs of All Nations" (Zongli Yamen) is replaced with a Foreign Office.
8-The Chinese Government was to prohibit forever, under the pain of death, membership in any anti-foreign society, civil service examinations were to be suspended for 5 years in all areas where foreigners were massacred or subjected to cruel treatment, provincial and local officials would personally be held responsible for any new anti-foreign incidents.
9-The Emperor of China had to send his regrets to Kaiser Wilhelm II for the assassination of the German ambassador. Also the Qing goverment would have to erect a commemorative arch on the spot of the assassination of Baron von Ketteler, inscribed in Latin, German, and Chinese.
10-The Emperor of China was to appoint Na't'ung to be his Envoy Extraordinary of him and direct him to also convey to the Emperor of Japan, his expression of regrets and that of his Government of him at the assassination of Mr. Sugiyama.
11- China ceded the following territories and economic rights:
* Tuva-Mongolia and Xinjiang (North and Northwest China) to the Russian Empire.
* Yunnan to German Indochina, from the German Empire.
* Tibet was recognized as independent and then ceded to the British Empire (with occupying forces, rights to the "foreign diplomacy" of Tibet, etc).
* Concessions to France in Guangdong.
* Economic concessions to Japan and the United States in some Chinese ports.
This meant a brutal situation in power and expressions of power in East Asia, the Qing dynasty lost many more border territories (leaving mainly the southeast intact, although not free of problems) and obtained important economic obligations with foreign powers.
The British Raj under Lord Curzon got Tibet against "Russian expansionist ambitions in India" ... the problem is having to do something in the mountainous terrain of the Tibetan plateau.
German Indochina expanded somewhat, into a very ethnically diverse and underdeveloped Yunnan.
France, the United States, and Japan only won concessions and silver promises, but it doesn't mean they came out exactly empty-handed. A quick and easy war against China that gives them some propaganda at home.
Russia also came out gaining important territories, at least important for Russian foreign policy. Xinjiang was won, a region with a lot of desert, mountains to the south and some steppe to the north, populated mainly by Uyghurs who are not strangers to the Russian government, Tuva and Mongolia were also won, territories with which Russia already had some concessions previous economics.
The problem now was to integrate these new territories into Russia (which was the state most interested in long-term gambling for profit in China, and they knew how to play said game).
There were difficulties at the economic, social and political level, ethnic minority cultures, the elites and nobility that remained in the new territories, geographical challenges, low demographic density, little infrastructure, etc.
But all these difficulties were fine, Russia could use the excuse of developing infrastructure to create jobs in these times of global economic difficulty and move more citizens loyal to Russia to the new regions, while developing propaganda for the new populations, relations with local merchants and leaders, etc.
It was the arrival of a new era for the territories, Xinjiang had previously been more of a border territory where troublesome politicians were sent and there were Muslim rebellions from time to time, Mongolia and Tuva in general were poor, with Tuva having some princes and merchants notable, while Mongolia had a more nomadic tradition, having turned towards Russia for some years after a massacre of Mongol villages by Qing officials.
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[International]
July 1, 62,000 members of religious orders (belonging to the Roman Catholic Church) in France mount an opposition to the liberalization of the regime in the Second French Empire, mainly to the ideas of secularization in the Ouverture of the government.
In opposition are tens of thousands of other supporters of major reforms of the Ouverture, of the rural-industrial working class and even members of the military who support secularization.
Finally the opposition of the religious orders is forced to withdraw without any political victory.
There is a drop in numerous German insurance companies, causing various economic problems to the population (mainly middle class).
The conservative-nationalist government responds slowly and clumsily to the loss of money of various members of the German population, a consequence of internal economic problems.
Lightning strikes a zinc-roofed shelter in Chicago, killing 4 men and 7 children, the youngest of whom is 11 years old.
July 2, 225 human deaths and 250 horse deaths in New York City, United States. This is due to a heat wave, not epidemics or hippos.
July 7, President William McKinley opens various Oklahoma territories to white settlers, including Creek Nation territory.
July 8, Sudan's new French governor suffers an assassination attempt when unknown rebels sabotage a railroad, causing the governor's train to derail.
The saboteurs are never found (although there is obviously repression against certain villages) but the governor survives.
The UK House of Lords ruled that the UK had no jurisdiction to reverse a decision of a foreign court that had acted in accordance with the laws of the foreign nation.
... Obviously it does not mean that imperialism ends or the British try to change decisions of foreign governments through power or influence.
It is more to keep up appearances regarding the seizure of British rifles in the British territory of Oman (a colony but with still a "native goverment"), where the British had supported Islamic rebels.
July 10, London's first electric tram goes into operation. Years after the first electric trams in Russia or Germany.
A brigade of 3,000 Qing dynasty soldiers is defeated by the Allied Villagers' Society in Quanzhou (also called Chinchew in China or Zayton in western sources), in southeastern China.
July 11, the Bolivian Syndicate (American-British company) signs an agreement with the Bolivian government (led by José Manuel Pando Solares) in which tax exemptions, free navigation of rivers (including the Amazon) and rights of maintenance of railways, power plants and even a police force, to the Bolivian Syndicate.
However, the problem arises in that the agreement occurs in the border territories of Bolivia with Peru, the Abuna River and a territory in dispute with the Republic of Acre.
This causes the beginning of hostilities between the Republic of Acre (independent territory) and Bolivia.
July 14, in honor of the 48th anniversary of Commodore Perry's arrival in Edo Bay, the Japanese raise a monument in Kurihama, where Emperor Meiji contributed 1,000 yen.
July 15, Thomas Edison's Edison Manufacturing Company wins a lawsuit against the American Mutoscope & Biograph Company due to the New York City federal court ruling in Edison's favor.
This renews Edison's monopoly on the production of American motion pictures, the Edison company boasts "Grants Mr. Edison the only right to manufacture motion picture machines and films."
Which means that films could not be produced or exhibited without approval of Thomas Edison. Reason for a serious move of many American cinemas to other countries, in particular Russia (due to its good economic situation and better laws for the film industry).
On the same day the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union, threatened with bankruptcy over the creation of the U.S. Steel monopoly, goes on strike nationwide.
Unfortunately the AA never recovers from this strike, due to the loss of contracts and action by J.P Morgan's U.S Steel to dismantle the Amalgamated Association unions.
July 18, young officers of the Imperial Japanese Army begin to recruit (often by force) Filipinos from rural areas to form not only a native military police force, but also to attempt to form pro-Japanese opinions on such individuals (and facilitate Japanese control of the Philippines).
We are talking about 70 radical IJA officers with a force of 6,000 natives, mostly taken there by force, but who learned to use brutal tactics of repression under Japanese leadership.
July 20, the young Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco (leader of Morocco during the French invasion of Morocco) is officially released after being under military jurisdiction, although in essence he remains under house arrest.
This after Abdelaziz signed and gave a declaration of allegiance to the French government. Not that he had much of a choice.
July 22, 50,000 tailors in New York, United States, go on strike.
The Qing Dynasty and foreign powers in China agree on the final compensation plan. With this China agrees to pay with the issuance of bonds, with 23 million silver taels ($ 17,000,000) each year for interest and principal settlement, divided unevenly for the foreign countries involved in the Boxer rebellion.
July 24, the US battleship USS Kearsarge fires a projectile at the Newport, Rhode Island city hall. This during a routine artillery drill.
There are no deaths or injuries.
July 26, former Senator Carlos Rangel Garbiras along with just over 4,000 Venezuelan and Colombian exiles (expelled by Cipriano Castro and the liberal government of Colobia under Rafael Uribe Uribe) try to invade Venezuela to overthrow the Castro government.
It fails spectacularly, and the Venezuelan government begins investigations to find out if there was any foreign support for the attempt. Unfortunately, not much information is obtained, so it is officially taken that Garbiras and his men worked alone.
Prince George, brother of King Albert Victor, ends his tour of the Commonwealth of Australia, so he prepares to return to the United Kingdom.
July 28, in the city of San Francisco, California, 13,000 dockworkers from the Union Labor Party go on strike, which is why the port is closed.
More than 300 incidents of assault break out (5 of them fatal) between workers and management. The workers go on strike for 3 months.
July 29, in the United States, the Social Democratic Party (with notable members such as Eugene V. Debs) and members of the Socialist Labor Party (mainly German-American, Jewish immigrants of various origins and trade unionists led by Henry Slobodin and Morris Hillquit, opposed to the most revolutionary Daniel De Leon).
Giving rise to the creation of the Socialist Party of America, with Leon Greenbaum as executive secretary.
August 2, Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State for the Colonies of the United Kingdom, openly declares (due to criticism against the concentration camps) that the creation of these was "The only humane alternative to leaving the women and general on the 'desert veld '. "
An opinion largely discarded in modern times, but one that found much support among parts of the British public in 1901. The creation of concentration camps involved crimes against humanity, deaths from starvation and disease.
August 4, secretly Japanese Prime Minister Katsura Tarō meets with the genrō (an unofficial group that refers to the elderly Japanese statesmen who were the "founding fathers" of modern Japan during the Meiji Restoration).
In it, Katsura Tarō (whose government saw one of the greatest radicalizations of the army in Japanese history) insists on the need for a more pro-British stance.
An opinion that divides the genrō, some support the idea of a pro-British stance to deal with Russian influence in the economy and Asia, while others like Itō Hirobumi defend a more pro-Russian stance, due to the aforementioned importance of Russia in the Japanese economy and avoiding conflict (which would be economically devastating for Japan even with foreign aid).
In the end, the meeting comes to nothing, so there is no Anglo-Japanese rapprochement at the moment.
August 5, Victoria, the mother of Kaiser Wilhelm II, died.
August 7, Australian Prime Minister Edmund Barton introduces the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 into the House of Representatives, to limit immigration of all non-Europeans to Australia (especially Asians and Pacific Islanders).
This is part of White Australia politics, racial politics promoted by Australians (from various political spectrum, including Australian social aristocrats) and UK Social Aristocrats.
Barton insists that "We are guarding the last part of the world in which the higher races can live and increase freely for the higher civilization. I place before the House a measure of definite and high policy."
Although in the midst of a recession and pandemics in Australia, there are not many whites and non-whites who can-want to go to Australia.
August 8, Alberto Santos-Dumont (engineer and aviator) returns from France (where his family, of Franco-Brazilian origin) to Brazil, more specifically to his native Minas Gerais.
Between experiments with airships, Santos-Dumont also needs money, and apart from allowing airship trips for the economic elites of the Republic of the United States of Brazil, he decides to buy some land for plantations.
August 9, William McKinley makes arrangements to go to the Pan American expo in Buffalo, New York.
August 10, 14,000 workers from the U.S. Steel Company walk off work with the AA.
U.S. Department of Agriculture announces a cataclysmic event, the summer drought has destroyed half of the US corn crop for the year. Much more massive destruction than expected by the Department of Agriculture.
As a result in the midst of the economic crisis, food prices rise. The price of potatoes and corn doubles, the price of tomatoes, apples, and onions triples, and the price of peas, carrots, beets, cucumbers, and radishes is sixfold.
The price of meat and many fruits increases by 35 to 60 percent.
August 11, Grand Duchess Maria is born, daughter of Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich Romanov and Elena of Montenegro.
Another new joint declaration between Cipriano Castro and Rafael Uribe Uribe leads to the continuous growth of bilateral ties between the two South American states (Colombia-Venezuela), towards what liberals hope is a greater union between the two countries.
August 12, in Massachusetts, United States, cotton manufacturers agree to reduce the wages of their workers by 14%.
August 14, in Havana, Cuba, Second Mexican Empire, the volunteer nurse from the United States, Clara Maass had been infected with yellow fever by a mosquito on June 24 (experiments looking for a vaccine for yellow fever).
On August 14, Maass volunteers for the second time in hopes of proving that her previous case of yellow fer had immunized her against the disease.
However the disease is worse and she Maass dies 10 days later on August 24. The Mexican emperors honor Maass's actions with a new hospital named after her.
August 15, Louis Charles Richard Duncombe-Jewell founds the Celtic Cornish Society, to work on the revival of the language of Cornwall, a region to which Duncombe-Jewell is a native.
August 19, 20 more Americans die in the Mississippi River Delta as hippopotamuses spread across the American South.
August 21, the Japanese colonial government in the Philippines begins creating new schools (with Japanese teachers) for the Japanese settler population and theoretically for native Filipinos (but to instruct them in Japanese and the Japanese way of life of course).
This also goes hand in hand with just over 590,000 other settlers from the Japanese archipelago.
August 25, the collapse of the French stock market continues, in dramatic events around 700,000 French citizens have lost their jobs or gone bankrupt.
August 28, the city of Los Angeles, United States, has losses of more than 2 million dollars and in rapid decline, due to the economic crisis of the fall of the New York Stock Exchange.
August 29, in South Africa due to infection (epidemics) some 157,000 head of cattle must be slaughtered before they continue to infect more cattle.
August 30, Hubert Cecil Booth patents the first motorized vacuum cleaner.
44 more US citizens die in the Hippo Wars.
August 31, the Polish-American anarchist Leon Czolgosz arrives in Buffalo, New York, with the intention of assassinating President William McKinley.
September 1, $ 500,000 in flood damage in Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
September 2, American doctor William A. Pusey (from the University of Illinois) begins the first experiments in the use of radiation to treat cancer, using X-rays in sarcoma (a type of malignant tumor) of 11 patients.
According to Dr. Pusey's notes, one patient's tumor disappeared within 4 weeks after X-ray treatment.
September 3, the 5 finalist designs for the Australian flag are selected (from a total of 32,823 proposals). Artist Annie Dorrington from Perth, Ship Officer William Stevens from Auckland, New Zealand, teenage optician's apprentice Leslie Hawkins from Sydney, architect Egbert John Nuttall from Melbourne, and 14-year-old schoolboy Ivor Evans from Melbourne.
September 4, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany meets with Zaifeng, Prince Chun, younger brother of the Emperor of the Qing dynasty.
Zaifeng fulfills one of the conditions of the Boxer protocols about a message of atonement from the Qing dynasty to Germany for the murder of the German ambassador during the Boxer rebellion. After this Zaifeng toured Germany and Europe for three weeks.
Kaiser Wilhelm II allowed Zaifeng not to have to bow in front of him, thus it is one less humiliation for China. Although the Century of Humiliation will still remain a very important thing in Chinese national pride.
The president of the United States arrives in Buffalo, New York, where his vice president Elihu Root has already been giving speeches, opening exhibitions and other activities for weeks.
On the same day, the Polish-American Leon Czolgosz decides that in order to kill the president, he is going to shoot him with a 32 caliber revolver.
September 5. The assassination of the American president William McKinley occurs, during "President's Day" as it was said in the Pan-American Exposition.
President McKinley was giving a speech (about new communication technologies and how they transformed the world), with Leon Czolgosz in the crowd. Czolgosz had managed to get closer from his position among the spectators and decided (before losing this opportunity), to shoot the president.
Czolgoz was taken into custody immediately after everyone was aware of the shot, but President William McKinley has already been found mortally wounded by the bullet from Czolgosz's revolver.
Doctors were fighting for a few hours, until they corroborated the death of William McKinley at 17: 30/5: 30 pm.
In the United States, this event overshadows any other particular event.
Due to the death, Vice President Elihu Root takes over as the new president of the United States of America.
September 7, signing of the Boxer Protocols.
The Venezuelan army and navy carry out joint exercises with their Colombian counterparts in Riohacha, Colombia.
On September 8, at the Socialist Union of Hispania, President Francisco Largo Caballero launches the reform of the "Escuela Moderna" (Modern School).
The Escuela Moderna reform is about a reform of the educational system with respect to the old educational system applied during the Kingdom of Spain, a system that the socialists denounced as reactionary (imbued with conservatism, Carlist nationalism and Christian influence). Not only would new schools and universities be built, but also theoretical knowledge of science (engineering, mathematics, etc.), practical activities (trades for the male and female sex) and obviously, the Marxist socialist theory of the state would be taught.
One of the first schools of the reform was built in Barcelona, in the Catalan Socialist Republic. The Catalan and anarchist educator Francisco Ferrer i Guàrdia would strongly criticize the reform for the emphasis only on the orthodox Marxist theory of the educational system, causing further deviations between the Marxist-socialists (the main force of the government) and anarchists (a part of the collective government).
The Drednout Borodino is launched in one of the shipyards of the Russian Imperial Navy in Saint Petersburg.
September 10, 1901, in the United States there is a small "Red Scare" or also called "Black Scare" by some. Several anarchists were arrested in the United States, among them the "high priestess" (title based on how one of the police officers of the arrest spoke about her) Emma Goldman, in Chicago.
This due to the inspiration of Leon Czolgosz (as he himself explained) in Goldman's speeches, which led Czolgosz to anarchism and the assassination of William McKinley, President of the United States.
Goldman was questioned, stating that she and Czolgosz did not actually have any professional relationship.
This also causes certain new spikes of racism in the United States against some inhabitants of Europe, in particular Slavs or related to Eastern Europe, such as Russians, Jews and Poles in particular.
Some Slavic populations continued to proliferate, such as Slovenes, Croats, Bosnians, and Great Lakes Serbs, but elsewhere many were harmed (racism continued or worsened).
At least during this period of McKinley's post-murder panic.
King Albert Victor, Alexander III, Christian IX of Denmark and George I of Greece travel by train on a short tour of Denmark.
King Albert Victor is not exactly popular in the country, but they are necessities of work and international diplomacy.
US bonds worth $ 20,000,000 are declining, worsening economic conditions in the United States.
September 11, Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich and Kaiser Wilhelm II (each with their respective families) take a tour of the Baltic on the yacht SMY Hohenzollern, belonging to the kaiser.
The American sugar industry loses more than $ 400 million.
September 14, an educational reform comes to China, too late. The Qing court issues a decree converting all the imperial academies in the provincial capitals into colleges, which will teach both Confucian knowledge and Western-European sciences.
15,000 deaths in London and Berlin from epidemic diseases.
September 16, King Albert Victor's brother George, presumed heir, goes to Canada for 5 weeks for a trip to the dominion.
Leon Czolgosz was indicted by the State of New York, reluctantly Robert C. Titus and Lorain L. Lewis represent him.
September 17, Russian writer Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev becomes an instant hit after publishing his first book, a collection of 10 short stories.
September 19, Leon Czolgosz has an interview with Frank A. Olozanowski, senior editor of a Polish-American newspaper in Buffalo.
Czolgosz talks about various issues, but in reality he has little to say about the murder: "What's the use of talking about that? I killed the President. I am an anarchist and simply did my duty, that's all I'll say."
It is now obvious that McKinley's assassination did not spark any anarchist or socialist revolution (although it was not the death of such groups either).
September 20, a remarkable day of celebration for the Social Aristocrats in the UK, who hold grand ceremonies and propaganda in celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the reign of King Alfred the Great of the West Saxons.
A new statue of King Alfred the Great is unveiled in Winchester, made by Lord Roseberry. "King Alfred wrought immortal work for us and our sister nation over the sea. Which, in the supreme moment of stress and sorrow, is irresistibly joined to us across the centuries and across the seas." (Roseberry's words).
Alfred's reign actually ended on October 26, 899, but the Social Aristocrats used the traditional date from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 900 AD.
US President Elihu Root meets his Cabinet for the first time, officially (and as President, not Vice President).
September 21, compulsory military service is created in Argentina.
September 23, trial of Leon Czolgosz for the assassination of President William McKinley.
On the same day Emma Goldman and the imprisoned anarchists are released, but this only in Chicago. In many other parts of the United States there were still many anarchists who were locked up and not released.
Gastroenterologist Georg Kelling (citizen of the German Empire) introduced the minimally invasive diagnostic surgery and gave the first public demonstration sof a modern laparoscopic procedure.
On September 24, without much surprise, Czolgosz is found guilty and two days later he is sentenced to death in the electric chair on October 28.
September 28, Philippine guerrillas launch a surprise attack on Japanese troops in Balangiga on Samar Island, killing 48 soldiers and 7 officers.
Due to this Imperial Japanese Army officers would initiate a brutal repression against Balangiga and nearby towns (a policy of 'kill and burn'), for a period of 5 months.
Colonial authorities excused it as a response to the massacre of Japanese citizens.
Parliamentary elections are held in the United Kingdom.
The Social Aristocrats achieve, thanks to their propaganda and division of their enemies, to maintain the majority in the House of Commons (already having the supremacy in the House of Lords).
Liberals and conservatives have yet to recover from the "stab in the French back", which ruined the reputations of many politicians from both groups. Furthermore, Irish nationalists (and other anti-British nationalists) are constrained by censorship measures and Anglo-Saxon measures against them during Fashoda and the Russian plagues.
Another factor to consider is that Labor wins their first seats in the House of Commons parliament, dividing the existing opposition to the Social Aristocrats even more.
September 29, in Hispania new laws are created against animal cruelty.