German Uganda]
The Ugandan colony (name derived from Buganda), was growing exponentially in number of settlers of German origin (and consequently also Tanzania, German East Africa). There were many reasons, in the colonies copper deposits had been discovered, there was fertile soil for farmers and fertile soils with regular rains, perfect for German farmers and capitalists who wanted to colonize the region.
The only problem for the Germans were the natives, sometimes violent ... and the German Jews (because nobody wants competition).
Anti-Semitism played a very prominent role in the colonial history of some countries, such as France (where some colonies were used as space for Jewish prisoners, or the Jewish settlement in colonies was extremely frowned upon) and Germany, which also they viewed the Jewish settlement in the colonies negatively.
German Uganda was extremely close to Russian Keniya, and the Germans were developing the construction of a Uganda-East Africa (Tanzania) railway, which will connect with the Trans-African (Kongo-East Africa) railway raised by Germany in Kongo.
In the midst of this, Tsar Alexander III made a new proposal to Wilhelm II, Keniya could take part of the Jewish settlers in exchange for said Jews serving as labor (not slave) in Keniya.
In addition, the Ugandan Railway could be connected to the Keniya Railway.
Legally speaking, there was no discrimination regarding Jewish settlement in the Russian Colonial Empire, Russian Jews simply did not travel there for various reasons.
But the German Jews took the possibility much more because of the incentives, work or plots of land were offered simply in exchange for work, and the Germans got rid of their Jewish colonial problem.
While Russia got more population and more development in her colonies, everyone gained (except the native Africans, but they did not lose much).
Because of this, the Keniya-Uganda border was starting to become much more connected.
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[Bundism]
While Jews in Russian Africa had their own developments, European Jews were having another development in the 1890s, curious ideas among the Jewish working class more specifically. In Russia the Jewish people were traditionally an educated class dedicated to many good jobs, but now there was a new problem.
Education went up excessively, and jobs that were traditionally Jewish were now much more competitive, there were more Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Azeris, Armenians, and Georgians (among many other ethnicities) who wanted the same jobs as Jews (bankers, businessmen, teachers, lawyers, etc).
Good for the Russian economy, but not necessarily good for Jews. The Jewish working class had grown exponentially, they were new generation Jews, whose parents had grown up in the most anti-Semitic and classist Russia, where some Jews, although they were persecuted, were still some of the most literate people in Russia and with outstanding job positions.
But precisely this new generation is growing up in a more competitive Russia, so the Jewish youth is now much more of a working-middle class than an upper-middle class.
And this Jewish class understood that they were different, for cultural and social reasons, from the rest of the working masses of the Russian Empire.
For this reason already at the beginning of 1890s, the foundations of the future Bundism are noted, which unleashed in 1897 in the political party General Jewish Labor Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (אַלגעמײַנער ײדישער אַרבעטער בּונד אין ליטע פוילין און רוַנדַנדher in Liteh, Poyln un Rusland) or simply Bund.
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[Diplomacy: Persia]
The Persian Cossack Brigade went more or less unnoticed, the British complained but there was not much they could do and the Cossacks did not come out of anything out of the ordinary, until Tsar Alexander III established Vladimir Andreevich Kosogovsky as colonel of the brigade as "gift" to the Shah of Persia, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar.
Kosogovsky totally changed the situation of the brigade and would be, more indirectly than directly, a great influence on future developments in Persia.
Kosogovsky was fluent in Persian and other dialects, and is recognized as a famous Orientalist who traveled several times in Persia prior to his appointment to familiarize himself with the surroundings. The Persian Cossack Brigade could only be trained by Russians, according to the contract between the two nations, but their number was limited.
For this Kosogovsky, under the permission of the Shah and Tsar Alexander III, formed a new Persian army, using the brigade as a template. Which in turn established a strong influence of the brigade in the Persian army.
The colonel was energetic and active, vacations largely stopped, staff replenished, and many trainings resumed, training a total of 500 Cossacks in a period of just three months.
Kosogovsky was also a pain for the British, as any attempt to create a British-trained Persian brigade was blocked by him. Simply the colonel acquired a remarkable influence in the court and therefore in the political life of Persia and its internal affairs.
For a very simple reason, under Colonel Kosogovsky the Cossack Brigade was the most highly trained military unit in the regular Persian army.
Due to the actions of Kosogovsky the Cossack brigade would achieve notable influence in up to 20,000 troops from northern Persia (years after Kosogovsky yes, but we can trace this influence back to him), where notable Persian-Iranian figures were members of said brigade and subordinate forces.
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[Gaspirali and the Ottoman Empire]
Ismail Gaspirali (better known as Gasprinskiy to Russians, since the surname comes from Gaspra, a village in Crimea) was born in Avdzhikoy, Crimea, in the Russian Empire, to a family of the new nobility (recognized in 1854) of Crimean Tatars , son of Tsarist officer Mustafa Ali-oglu.
In 1871 Gaspirali had moved to the Ottoman Empire, where he had unfortunately decided to join the Ottoman army in 1875, which led him to be in the Russo-Turkish war of 76.
But life in the Ottoman army was not what Gaspirali expected, and he immediately deserted to return to Russia, his reputation within the family and the state was somewhat damaged, but in 1893 Tsar Alexander III gave Gaspirali a chance, and I use Tartar for various purposes.
In 1893, Gaspirali wrote the "Tercüman" section of the Imperatorskaya Gazeta in Russian for the Turkish people, which became notably popular within Turkestan and other Turkish populations in Russia, northern Persia, western China, France, the United States. , Switzerland, United Kingdom, Turkey, Egypt and Bulgaria.
In this Gaspirali promoted the need for secular educational reform (Jadidism) within the Islamic world, modernization could only be achieved through education, liberalism, rejection of socialist radicalism and the friendship of the Turkish and Slavic peoples within the Empire Russian.
The Turkish world in Russia could develop through a social evolution within the Russian state, through a union and agreement with the Russian people.
"The most numerous and main people of Russia, the Russians, are endowed with a very rare and happy character to live peacefully and amicably with all kinds of other tribes. Envy and hostility towards foreigners are not the nature of a common Russian person. This is a good characteristic, an undoubted guarantee of the greatness and tranquility of Russia ... "
-Tercüman, 1894, written by Gaspirali himself.
Gaspirali also wrote texts for Turkish-Tatar women with the help of his daughter Shefika, supporting schools and helping Turkish-Muslim children.
Of course the state blocked any attempt at Pan-Turkism or Turanism, with anti-Russian intentions, which Gaspirali had to accept or simply be expelled from Russia.
*******
While within Russia, Gaspirali would certainly be a positive influence for the Russian state in the Turkish-Muslim community, in the Ottoman Empire the ideas went in another direction.
The Ottoman Empire had entered a more and more severe decline since the beginning of the 19th century, and they were going through a period of decadence, diplomatic and economic isolation, ethno-cultural problems, and political-military-social decadence, etc.
The Ottoman peoples were angry, on the one hand the Turks and on the other hand the rest, mostly populations who wanted independence.
Abdul Hamid II didn't have much of a choice, with an incompetent administration, an army being left behind more quickly by his enemies, and rather empty treasure chests.
With this the Committee of Union and Progress, the Young Turks and many other Turkish groups had adopted ideas from the Tercüman and many others.
These disparate groups understood the need for reform, but almost all took a somewhat different direction despite a fragile political alliance.
The reestablishment of a constitution was called for, but there were other ideologies involved.
* Ottomanism: Ottomanism believes in the need for an Ottoman identity to prevent the disintegration of the empire at the hands of ethno-cultural nationalisms.
* Conservatism: Although the constitution was believed, most of these groups still believed in the need for the monarchy and Islam as a state religion.
* Turkish nationalism: At first they would not admit it, but many of these groups were Turkish nationalists, just not so much in public, since many of the Turks of the Ottoman Empire saw themselves as Sunni Muslims who spoke Turkish.
* Turanism / Pan-Turkism: Turanism originally advocates close cooperation between or an alliance with culturally, linguistically or ethnically related peoples of Inner and Central Asian origin (incluiding the Finns, Japanese, Koreans, Sami, Samoyeds, Hungarians, Turks, Mongols, Manchus and other smaller ethnic groups) as a mean for securing and furthering shared interests and countering the threats posed by the great powers of Europe.
However, in the Turkish-Ottoman context, it was not long before I limited the idea simply to pan-Turkishism, due to the need to counter pan-Slavism and pan-Arabism, in addition to the fact that the Turkish-Ottoman intellectuals argued that the difference between Japanese, Mongols, Koreans, Finns and Hungarians was too big with the Turkic peoples.
* Pan-Islamism: With the Ottoman claim to the title of the caliphate, and its use in the government of Abdul Hamid II, many groups began to emphasize this nature in their movements.
* Liberalism (or "Liberalism") and Jadidism.
*******
* Perspective of the CUP, Istanbul.
Mithat Şükrü Bleda, general secretary of the Committee for Union and Progress, opens one of the movement's secret sessions (although Abdul Hamid II did not legally allow such groups, the truth is that the Ottoman secret services were not in the best shape and for the most part these meetings were left alone so as not to shake the boat too much, after all it was that or letting the intellectual Ottoman youth go into exile abroad, which was not helping the empire either).
Among the members were İshak Sükuti, Mehmed Reshid, Djelal Munif, Ibrahim Starova better known as "Ibrahim Temo" (founder of the group) and Abdullah Cevdet (second founder). Many of them with 20 years or little more (Temo in his 29 and Cevdet in his 26).
"In my opinion I think something is obvious, sooner or later in addition to ending absolutism we must end the Armenian question." Djelal Munif promptly emphasizes.
"And how should we do that?" Some other members argue.
"Pushing for the eradication of the Armenian population, we have been betrayed time and again in favor of the Russians." Djelal Munif proclaims, and it is seriously discussed even if the CUP accepts some minorities, such as Albanians and Kosovars.
These groups were not slow to spread partly anti-Armenian ideas in favor of greater Ottoman unity among Muslim peoples (with neutrality or acceptance by CUP members, the Young Turks, etc.), something that the politician Ahmet Rıza Bey promptly denounced, one of the few Turkish-Ottoman politicians opposed to this idea.
But Mithat Şükrü Bleda and Djelal Munif were propagandizing about the Armenian question, the need to oppose the Armenians, anti-Armenian sentiment, etc.
People were desperate, they needed a change, something to believe in and ideas.
During this time the CUP began to plan the idea of a coup to end the absolutism and Ottoman backwardness in favor of reforms.
The terrorist-revolutionaries could not be caught or discovered in 1894 or 1895, leading to various subsequent events.
*******
* Haji Agha.
Haji Agha was a Muslim who lived in Aintab, southern Anatolia, (about 97 kilometers north of Aleppo). "What is this?". The old Muslim exclaims curiously.
A brochure was read: "Armenians are not friends of the Turks."
Just to start, then followed a series of horrible curse words against the Armenian people, intolerance and barbarism.
Haji Agha after learning of such propaganda, would become an opponent of various mobs in favor of anti-Armenian proposals in the region.
The problem was that things were getting out of control day by day ...
*******
[International]
On April 11, German Jews begin to settle in the Russian Keniya.
On April 16, a strike by miners (bituminous) in the United States closes several mines in the central United States.
April 23, Saint George's Day, the Royal Society of St George for Howard Ruff is founded.
The aim of the organization is to strengthen the love of England, and to strengthen England and the Commonwealth, through spreading English knowledge, history and traditions, promoting English and English way of life, etc.
On April 27, a great earth displacement occurs in Canada, displacing 185 million cubic meters of rock and earth in Quebec, leaving a 40-meter scar in the territory of Saint-Alban (Quebec).
On April 30, the army of Coxey (extra-official name) arrives to march on Washington D.C.
However Coxey (an Ohio businessman) and various other leaders of the movement are arrested on May 1. Riots against unemployment start in Ohio but are later resolved.
In the northwestern United States is where many things get out of control, various pro-movement groups take some railroads or stations by surprise and fight federal marshals, forcing the government of Adlai Stevenson I to use federal troops against the strikers.
In Hong Kong, during this period, a bubonic plague pandemic also begins that spreads to Canton, the bubonic plague leaves a little more than 2000 dead by the end of the year.
May 11, the Pullman strike occurs (named after the workers' workplace, Pullman Palace Car Company).
It is said that workers in Illinois went "wild cat" or a wildcat strike, meaning that in reality the workers went on strike without union approval.
Involving a total of 250,000 employees against more than 10,000 members loyal to the Pullman company and members of the army under the government of Adlai Stevenson I.
The strike ends in July, and surprisingly it is a success for the workers, with a reduction in rent, an increase in wages and the workers' union is recognized.
This is one of the most important points in the career of Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs, who is sent to a federal prison for contempt and leads him to socialism.
On May 21, King Edward VII opens the Manchester boat channel and docks, which lead the city of Manchester to the Irish Sea.
June 22, the French Colonial Empire starts new infrastructure processes. On the one hand the promises of agriculture along the Trans-Saharan Railway, and on the other a Trans-Saharan railway line that goes to Chad.
Pointing towards Sudan.
Obviously those who suffer the most from this are the native Africans and not the French.
On June 23, Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David is born, son of Prince George and Mary of Teck, brother of Albert Victor, Prince of Wales and second son of King Edward VII.
With the birth the tensions between Alix of Hesse and Mary of Teck increase, in part because Albert Victor and Alix have not yet had a son.
June 24, two notable events occur, on the one hand Marie François Sadi Carnot, grandson of Lazare Carnot, a prominent republican, is imprisoned on charges of distributing republican propaganda against Emperor Napoleon IV in Paris.
*******
*"Fascism".
And on the other hand, on June 23, the Italian anarchist Sante Geronimo Caserio tries to assassinate King Umberto I of Italy, but fails, assassinating the Prime Minister of Italy Francesco Crispi.
The assassination was a response, because of the Italian government had declared martial law in Sicily due to the movements of the Sicilian fasci, outlawing the fasci, sending 40,000 soldiers, carrying out summary executions, imprisonment of leaders, suspension of rights and deportations.
In February Crispi had the audacity to present "evidence" in parliament, that in reality the Fasci rebellion was a general conspiracy agreed upon in the so-called "International Treaty of Bisacquino", signed by the French Government, the Tsar of Russia, Giuseppe De Felice, the anarchists and the Vatican, with the aim of separating Sicily from the rest of the country and submitting it to a Franco-Russian protectorate.
Of course Crispi was quite ridiculed for this, and in fact the situation fails for the government to a certain extent, Sicilian migration does not occur abroad, but towards northern Italy and Tunisia, where the liberal movements become more aware with the problems of the working class (the Fasci Siciliani movement being democratic-socialist).
The trials are used by the leaders for their defense in large, well-informed speeches, the need for reform is stressed, the ex-government of Crispi has lost much support from the left, and in a situation of extreme poverty many Sicilian and South families are radicalizing.
The Fasci Siciliani did not die although the government proclaimed that peace and in Sicily was restored, and it became a symbol of Italian socialism while Caserio became a symbol of anarchism (and to a lesser extent socialism).
Sicily would even continue to pose problems for the Italian government in the 1890s.
In other matters, the death of Crispi, pro-Rome-Berlin pact, didn't change anything. Crispi is replaced by Antonio Starrabba, who although is less imperialist and aggressive than his predecessor, also lacks the will to change the ship, continues to renew the alliance with Germany.
*******
Although the Fasci is a socialist movement, Caserio is an anarchist, the problem was that Caserio strongly sympathized with the Fasci movement (also his plan after assassinating King Umberto I was to escape to France to assassinate part of the French government).
Caserio was born in Lombardia, to a huge family where the boatman's father died of pellagra, which generally affects Italian farmers due to poor diet and a diet based on corn.
Later, at the age of ten, Caserio moved away from his family to Milan, where he became a baker and an anarchist. He joining the group "On Foot" (which means something like, no money), where he helped the poor and handed out anarchist pamphlets.
Caserio was not identified after these crimes, and he decided to support the Fasci after the government used indiscriminate violence against the poor of Sicily.
"Well, if the rulers can use rifles, shackles and jails against us. Shouldn't we anarchists defend our lives and stick to our principles? Yes, our response to the rulers will be dynamite, bomb, stiletto and dagger.
In short, we must do everything possible to destroy the bourgeoisie and the government. You, who are representatives of bourgeois companies, if you want my head, you can take it! "
-Sante Geronimo Caserio.
Other famous phrases by Caserio include his response to attempts to obtain information from other Italian anarchists.
"Caserio is a baker, never an informant."
Or "Coraggio cugini, evviva l'anarchia!"(Courage, cousins, long live anarchy!).
This last sentence in particular was dedicated by Caserio when transferred to prison after trial, because the death penalty had been prohibited in Italy since 1889.
So even with the murder of someone as tall as the prime minister, Caserio could only be locked up. Of course, his stay in prison (which he begins at the age of 20) was not pretty.
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[Moscow Governorate]
The first capital of Russia, Moscow, had the honor of being the wedding venue of Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich Romanov and Princess Elena Petrović Njegoš of Montenegro (due to her Orthodox faith, it was accepted that she could keep her name ).
The Tsesarevich and his wife then settled in Moscow, due to Nicholas's new job as governor, which meant many new things.
Inner Manchuria was larger than Moscow, but Moscow was more densely populated, with different demographics and economies, etc. The only thing Nicholas kept from Manchuria was an escort of Manchurian Cossacks protecting the couple and the governor's residence.
Fortunately Elena already had her sisters living in Russia to help her acclimatize to the place. While Nicholas was the Tsresarevich, the Muscovite elites were already quite excited about his presence in the city.
This begins a period of transition, with the beginning of the Tsesarevich in the government of Moscow, a "duarchy" is established, with Tsar Alexander III at the head in Saint Petersburg, and his heir, Tsesarevich Nicholas in Moscow.
Of course with Nicholas and Moscow subordinate to Alexander III, but the Alexandrian government was already preparing a succession of power from St. Petersburg to Moscow.
The Tsesarevich was able to establish a new little court in Moscow, accompanied by intellectuals, the nobility, constituent members of the city, and the city's economic elite.
Research and preparations for the needs and some improvements of the city of Moscow were soon started.
*******
"1. 2. 3. Testing, can you hear me Nicky?" Elena exclaims laughing through a radio a few buildings away.
"Loud and clear. How about the radio?" Nicholas Alexandrovich asks curiously.
"It is a wonderful invention." Elena responds excitedly.
"Without a doubt, one day this will allow us to send more messages to the population." The Tsesarevich adds.
The arrival of the couple in Moscow also involved certain charitable actions, Elena joined various charity groups such as the Red Cross that were supported by the Russian government and the imperial family, Nicholas visited some military establishments and police stations, firefighters, etc.
*******
[Sports culture]
The next four teams are chosen for the eighth edition of the Russian Soccer League:
*Murmansk.
*Helsinki.
*Erivan.
*Astrakhan.