Since the concept of a "fortress" emerged, the development of weapons and technology on both the offensive and defensive sides of fortress siege warfare has always been in a mutually promoting spiral. Artillery, represented by heavy mortars of large calibers, made significant advancements within a very short period, forcing fortress designers to exhaust their wits in locating the core areas of the fortresses beyond the reach of enemy guns. The past approach of wall-based defenses was clearly obsolete. The viable new method involved constructing multiple independent fortresses within a 3-4 kilometer radius around the defense core, each capable of standing alone in battle and close enough to support each other—this was the fortress of the modern era, and it was the prototype for fortified areas such as the Siegfried Line.