In summary, what Caleb understood is. The Hunter pathway specializes in giving the user strength, agility, and dexterity to hunt things related to its tier name. It also gives a variety of abilities.
On the other hand, the Shinobi pathway destinies take the role of what ninja usually does. Good at assassination, completing a mission stealthily, scouting, and whatnot.
Lastly, Shadow pathway. David didn't explain much about this pathway and only said that they only have recipes for tiers 9 to 6 of the shadow pathway. Destinies who walk the shadow pathway obtain abilities related to shadows that make them good for scouting, espionage, assassination, information gathering, etc...