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Chapter 2 - H-that's not how Max Born did it

Max Born FRS, FRSE (German pronunciation: [ˈmaks ˈbɔʁn] (listen); 11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function".[1]

Max Born

FRS, FRSE

Max Born.jpg

Portrait c. 1930s

Born

11 December 1882

Breslau, German Empire

Died

5 January 1970 (aged 87)

Göttingen, West Germany

Resting place

Stadtfriedhof, Göttingen

Citizenship

German, British

Alma mater

University of Göttingen

Known for

Born approximation

Born coordinates

Born equation

Born probability

Born reciprocity

Born rigidity

Born rule

Born series

Born square

Born–Landé equation

Born–Infeld theory

Born–Haber cycle

Born–Huang approximation

Born–von Karman boundary condition

Born–Oppenheimer approximation

BBGKY hierarchy

Cauchy–Born rule

Adiabatic theorem

Canonical commutation relation

Spouse

Hedwig Ehrenberg ​(m. 1913)​

Children

3, including Gustav Victor Rudolf Born

Relatives

Olivia Newton-John (granddaughter)

Georgina Born (granddaughter)

Awards

Nobel Prize in Physics (1954)

Hughes Medal (1950)

Max Planck Medal (1948)

Fellow of the Royal Society (1939)

Scientific career

Fields

Theoretical physics

Institutions

University of Frankfurt

University of Göttingen

University of Edinburgh

University of Cambridge

Thesis

Untersuchungen über die Stabilität der elastischen Linie in Ebene und Raum unter verschiedenen Grenzbedingungen ("Investigations on the stability of the elastic line in plane and space under different boundary conditions") (1906)

Doctoral advisor

Carl Runge

Other academic advisors

Woldemar Voigt

Karl Schwarzschild

Joseph Larmor

J. J. Thomson

Doctoral students

Mary Bradburn

Kaijia Cheng

Max Delbrück

Walter Elsasser

Siegfried Flügge

Maria Goeppert-Mayer

Herbert S. Green

Friedrich Hund

Pascual Jordan

Edgar Krahn

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim

Huanwu Peng

Maurice Pryce

Carl Hermann

Bertha Swirles

Victor Frederick Weisskopf

Liming Yang

Other notable students

Enrico Fermi

Huang Kun

Emil Wolf

Signature

Max Born signature.svg

Born entered the University of Göttingen in 1904, where he met the three renowned mathematicians Felix Klein, David Hilbert, and Hermann Minkowski. He wrote his PhD thesis on the subject of "Stability of Elastica in a Plane and Space", winning the university's Philosophy Faculty Prize. In 1905, he began researching special relativity with Minkowski, and subsequently wrote his habilitation thesis on the Thomson model of the atom. A chance meeting with Fritz Haber in Berlin in 1918 led to discussion of how an ionic compound is formed when a metal reacts with a halogen, which is today known as the Born–Haber cycle.

In World War I, after originally being placed as a radio operator, he was moved to research duties regarding sound ranging due to his specialist knowledge. In 1921, Born returned to Göttingen, arranging another chair for his long-time friend and colleague James Franck. Under Born, Göttingen became one of the world's foremost centres for physics. In 1925, Born and Werner Heisenberg formulated the matrix mechanics representation of quantum mechanics. The following year, he formulated the now-standard interpretation of the probability density function for ψ*ψ in the Schrödinger equation, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. His influence extended far beyond his own research. Max Delbrück, Siegfried Flügge, Friedrich Hund, Pascual Jordan, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim, Robert Oppenheimer, and Victor Weisskopf all received their PhD degrees under Born at Göttingen, and his assistants included Enrico Fermi, Werner Heisenberg, Gerhard Herzberg, Friedrich Hund, Pascual Jordan, Wolfgang Pauli, Léon Rosenfeld, Edward Teller, and Eugene Wigner.

In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, and Born, who was Jewish, was suspended from his professorship at the University of Göttingen. He emigrated to the United Kingdom, where he took a job at St John's College, Cambridge, and wrote a popular science book, The Restless Universe, as well as Atomic Physics, which soon became a standard textbook. In October 1936, he became the Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, where, working with German-born assistants E. Walter Kellermann and Klaus Fuchs, he continued his research into physics. Born became a naturalised British subject on 31 August 1939, one day before World War II broke out in Europe. He remained in Edinburgh until 1952. He retired to Bad Pyrmont, in West Germany, and died in a hospital in Göttingen on 5 January 1970.[2]