The pilots of the Dahua Empire were mostly trained by their own flight instructors who had studied in Dragon Island and Tang Country.
Their textbooks were directly purchased from Tang Country, and their flying habits and understanding of flight were actually derived from the new pilot training manual of Tang Country.
These pilots also underwent some aerial dogfight training, but unfortunately, what they learned was only superficial, and they had virtually no exposure to core combat tactics.
They didn't even know the cooperative tactics between lead and wingman aircraft, fighting each as alone, which would be a disaster when facing the aircraft of the Tang Army.
The Dahua Empire's pilots were inherently technologically inferior and received shorter training—for although the Dahua Empire had built a huge air force and established flight schools to train graduates, these pilots seldom flew fighters for training after joining the service.