Bibliography
Aloni, Maria; Dekker, Paul (7 July 2016). The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-316-55273-5.
Angell, Richard B. (1964). Reasoning and Logic. Ardent Media. p. 164. OCLC 375322.
Audi, Robert (1999a). "Informal logic". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-107-64379-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Audi, Robert (1999b). "Philosophy of logic". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 679–681. ISBN 978-1-107-64379-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Backmann, Marius (1 June 2019). "Varieties of Justification—How (Not) to Solve the Problem of Induction". Acta Analytica. 34 (2): 235–255. doi:10.1007/s12136-018-0371-6. ISSN 1874-6349. S2CID 125767384.
Bagaria, Joan (2021). "Set Theory". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
Barnes, Jonathan (25 January 2007). Truth, etc.: Six Lectures on Ancient Logic. Clarendon Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-19-151574-3.
Benthem, Johan van. "Modal Logic: Contemporary View: 1. Modal Notions and Reasoning Patterns: a First Pass". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
Berlemann, Lars; Mangold, Stefan (10 July 2009). Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access. John Wiley & Sons. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-470-75443-6.
Berman, Harold J. (1 July 2009). Law and Revolution, the Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02085-6.
Bimbo, Katalin (2 April 2016). J. Michael Dunn on Information Based Logics. Springer. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-3-319-29300-4.
Blackburn, Simon (1 January 2008). "argument". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954143-0. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Blackburn, Simon (24 March 2016). "rule of inference". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954143-0. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. (1987). "The Current State of Informal Logic". Informal Logic. 9 (2): 147–51. doi:10.22329/il.v9i2.2671. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. (2000). "Informal Logic: An Overview". Informal Logic. 20 (2): 93–107. doi:10.22329/il.v20i2.2262. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Blair, J. Anthony (20 October 2011). Groundwork in the Theory of Argumentation: Selected Papers of J. Anthony Blair. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 47. ISBN 978-94-007-2363-4.
Bobzien, Susanne (2020). "Ancient Logic: 2. Aristotle". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
Borchert, Donald, ed. (2006a). "Computability Theory". Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 2 (2nd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 372–390. ISBN 978-0-02-865782-0.
Borchert, Donald (2006b). "Induction". Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 4 (2nd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 635–648. ISBN 978-0-02-865784-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Borchert, Donald (2006c). "Logic, Non-Classical". Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 5 (2nd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 485–492. ISBN 978-0-02-865785-1. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Boris, Kulik; Alexander, Fridman (30 November 2017). N-ary Relations for Logical Analysis of Data and Knowledge. IGI Global. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-5225-2783-1.
Bridges, Douglas; Ishihara, Hajime; Rathjen, Michael; Schwichtenberg, Helmut (30 April 2023). Handbook of Constructive Mathematics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–4. ISBN 978-1-316-51086-5.
Brody, Boruch A. (2006). Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 5. Donald M. Borchert (2nd ed.). Thomson Gale/Macmillan Reference US. pp. 535–536. ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6. OCLC 61151356. The two most important types of logical calculi are propositional (or sentential) calculi and functional (or predicate) calculi. A propositional calculus is a system containing propositional variables and connectives (some also contain propositional constants) but not individual or functional variables or constants. In the extended propositional calculus, quantifiers whose operator variables are propositional variables are added.
Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (27 January 2009). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4051-9112-8.
Burgess, John P. (2009). "1. Classical logic". Philosophical Logic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-0-691-15633-0. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Bäck, Allan T. (2016). Aristotle's Theory of Predication. Brill. p. 317. ISBN 978-90-04-32109-0.
Calderbank, Robert; Sloane, Neil J. A. (April 2001). "Claude Shannon (1916–2001)". Nature. 410 (6830): 768. doi:10.1038/35071223. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11298432. S2CID 4402158.
Carnielli, Walter; Pizzi, Claudio (2008). Modalities and Multimodalities. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4020-8590-1.
Castaño, Arnaldo Pérez (23 May 2018). Practical Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning, Bots, and Agent Solutions Using C#. Apress. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4842-3357-3.
Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar (June 1976). "Some Comparisons Between Frege's Logic and Navya-Nyaya Logic". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 36 (4): 554–563. doi:10.2307/2106873. JSTOR 2106873.
Chatfield, Tom (2017). Critical Thinking: Your Guide to Effective Argument, Successful Analysis and Independent Study. Sage. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-5264-1877-7.
Chua, Eugene (2017). "An Empirical Route to Logical 'Conventionalism'". Logic, Rationality, and Interaction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10455. pp. 631–636. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55665-8_43. ISBN 978-3-662-55664-1.
Clocksin, William F.; Mellish, Christopher S. (2003). "The Relation of Prolog to Logic". Programming in Prolog: Using the ISO Standard. Springer. pp. 237–257. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55481-0_10. ISBN 978-3-642-55481-0.
Cook, Roy T. (2009). Dictionary of Philosophical Logic. Edinburgh University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7486-3197-1.
Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl; Rodych, Victor (2019). Introduction to Logic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38697-5.
Corkum, Philip (2015). "Generality and Logical Constancy". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia. 71 (4): 753–767. doi:10.17990/rpf/2015_71_4_0753. ISSN 0870-5283. JSTOR 43744657.
Craig, Edward (1996). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Cummings, Louise (2010). "Abduction". The Routledge Pragmatics Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-135-21457-9. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Cunningham, Daniel. "Set Theory". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
D'Agostino, Marcello; Floridi, Luciano (2009). "The Enduring Scandal of Deduction: Is Propositional Logic Really Uninformative?". Synthese. 167 (2): 271–315. doi:10.1007/s11229-008-9409-4. hdl:2299/2995. ISSN 0039-7857. JSTOR 40271192. S2CID 9602882.
Daintith, John; Wright, Edmund (2008). A Dictionary of Computing. OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-923400-4.
van Dalen, Dirk (1994). Logic and Structure. Springer. Chapter 1.5. ISBN 978-0-387-57839-2.
Dasti, Matthew R. "Nyaya". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
Dick, Anthony S.; Müller, Ulrich (2017). Advancing Developmental Science: Philosophy, Theory, and Method. Taylor & Francis. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-351-70456-4.
Douven, Igor (2021). "Abduction". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
Dowden, Bradley. "Fallacies". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
van Eemeren, Frans H.; Garssen, Bart (2009). Pondering on Problems of Argumentation: Twenty Essays on Theoretical Issues. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-4020-9165-0.
van Eemeren, Frans H.; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2021). "Informal Logic". Handbook of Argumentation Theory. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–45. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6883-3_7-1. ISBN 978-94-007-6883-3. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
van Eemeren, Frans H.; Grootendorst, Rob; Johnson, Ralph H.; Plantin, Christian; Willard, Charles A. (2013). Fundamentals of Argumentation Theory: A Handbook of Historical Backgrounds and Contemporary Developments. Routledge. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-136-68804-1.
Emmanuel, Steven M. (2015). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 320–2. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
Enderton, Herbert (2001). A Mathematical Introduction to Logic. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-238452-3.
Engel, S. Morris (1982). With Good Reason an Introduction to Informal Fallacies. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-08479-0. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Evans, Jonathan St. B. T. (2005). "8. Deductive Reasoning". In Morrison, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-521-82417-0.
Ewald, William (2019). "The Emergence of First-Order Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
Falguera, José L.; Martínez-Vidal, Concha; Rosen, Gideon (2021). "Abstract Objects". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
Falikowski, Anthony; Mills, Susan (2022). Experiencing Philosophy (2nd ed.). Broadview Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-77048-841-0.
Fisher, Michael David; Gabbay, Dov M.; Vila, Lluis (2005). Handbook of Temporal Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence. Elsevier. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-08-053336-0.
Fitch, G. W. (18 December 2014). Saul Kripke. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-317-48917-7.
Flotyński, Jakub (7 December 2020). Knowledge-Based Explorable Extended Reality Environments. Springer Nature. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-030-59965-2.
Font, Josep Maria; Jansana, Ramon (2017). A General Algebraic Semantics for Sentential Logics. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-107-16797-1.
Frede, Michael. "Aristotle". Michigan Technological University. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
Friend, Michele (2014). Introducing Philosophy of Mathematics. Routledge. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-317-49379-2.
Gamut, L.T.F. (1991). Logic, Language and Meaning Vol 1: Introduction to Logic. University of Chicago Press. 5.5. ISBN 978-0-226-28085-1.
Garson, James (2023). "Modal Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
Gensler, Harry J. (2006). The A to Z of Logic. Scarecrow Press. pp. xliii–xliv. ISBN 978-1-4617-3182-5.
Goble, Lou (2001). "Introduction". The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-0-631-20692-7. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992). Avicenna. Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-415-01929-3.
Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism. Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-513580-0.
Groarke, Louis F. "Aristotle: Logic". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
Groarke, Leo (2021). "Informal Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
Gómez-Torrente, Mario (2019). "Logical Truth". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
Gödel, Kurt (1984). "Russell's mathematical logic". In Benacerraf, Paul; Putnam, Hilary (eds.). Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–469. ISBN 978-0-521-29648-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Hájek, Petr (3 September 2006). "Fuzzy Logic". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
Hájek, Alan; Lin, Hanti (2017). "A Tale of Two Epistemologies?". Res Philosophica. 94 (2): 207–232. doi:10.11612/resphil.1540. S2CID 160029122. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Hall, Cordelia; O'Donnell, John (2000). Discrete Mathematics Using a Computer. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-85233-089-7.
Houde, R.; Camacho, L. (2003). "Induction". New Catholic Encyclopedia. ISBN 978-0-7876-4004-0. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Haack, Susan (1974). Deviant Logic: Some Philosophical Issues. CUP Archive. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-521-20500-9.
Haack, Susan (1978). "1. 'Philosophy of logics'". Philosophy of Logics. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-521-29329-7. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Haack, Susan (1996). Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31133-3.
Haaparanta, Leila (2009). "1. Introduction". The Development of Modern Logic. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-19-513731-6.
Hansen, Hans (2020). "Fallacies". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
Hartmann, Stephan; Sprenger, Jan (2010). "Bayesian Epistemology". The Routledge Companion to Epistemology. London: Routledge. pp. 609–620. ISBN 978-0-415-96219-3. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Hasse, Dag Nikolaus (2008). "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
Hawthorne, James (2021). "Inductive Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2023). "Logical systems". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
Hintikka, Jaakko (1970). "Information, Deduction, and the A Priori". Noûs. 4 (2): 135–152. doi:10.2307/2214318. ISSN 0029-4624. JSTOR 2214318.
Hintikka, Jaakko; Sandu, Gabriel (2006). "What is Logic?". In Jacquette, D. (ed.). Philosophy of Logic. North Holland. pp. 13–39. ISBN 978-0-444-51541-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Hurley, Patrick J. (2015). "4. Categorical Syllogisms". Logic: The Essentials. Wadsworth. pp. 189–237. ISBN 978-1-305-59041-0. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
IEP Staff. "Deductive and Inductive Arguments". Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
Iqbal, Mohammad (2013). "The Spirit of Muslim Culture". The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Stanford University Press. pp. 99–115. ISBN 978-0-8047-8686-7.
Irvine, Andrew David (2022). "Bertrand Russell". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
Jacquette, Dale (2006). "Introduction: Philosophy of logic today". Philosophy of Logic. North Holland. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-0-444-51541-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Jago, Mark (2014). The Impossible: An Essay on Hyperintensionality. OUP Oxford. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-101915-9.
Janssen, Theo M. V.; Zimmermann, Thomas Ede (2021). "Montague Semantics". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
Johnson, Ralph H. (1999). "The Relation Between Formal and Informal Logic". Argumentation. 13 (3): 265–274. doi:10.1023/A:1007789101256. S2CID 141283158. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Johnson, Ralph H. (15 July 2014). The Rise of Informal Logic: Essays on Argumentation, Critical Thinking, Reasoning and Politics. University of Windsor. ISBN 978-0-920233-71-9.
Ketland, Jeffrey (2005). "Second Order Logic". Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 8. pp. 707–708. ISBN 978-0-02-865788-2. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
King, Jeffrey C. (2 September 2009). "Formal Semantics". The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language. pp. 557–8. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0023. ISBN 978-0-19-955223-8.
King, Jeffrey C. (2019). "Structured Propositions". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
Klement, Kevin C. (1995b). "Propositional Logic". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
Kline, Morris (1972). Mathematical Thought From Ancient to Modern Times. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506135-2.
Kneale, William; Kneale, Martha (1962). The Development of Logic. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824773-9.
Knuuttila, Simo (1980). Reforging the Great Chain of Being: Studies of the History of Modal Theories. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 71. ISBN 978-90-277-1125-0.
Korb, Kevin (2004). "Bayesian Informal Logic and Fallacy". Informal Logic. 24 (1): 41–70. doi:10.22329/il.v24i1.2132. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Koslowski, Barbara (2017). "Abductive Reasoning and Explanation". International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Routledge. pp. 366–382. doi:10.4324/9781315725697. ISBN 978-1-315-72569-7. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Kusch, Martin (2020). "Psychologism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Lagerlund, Henrik (27 September 2018). "Review of The Aftermath of Syllogism: Aristotelian Logical Argument from Avicenna to Hegel". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
Lear, Jonathan (1980). Aristotle and Logical Theory. CUP Archive. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-521-31178-6.
Leary, Christopher C.; Kristiansen, Lars (2015). A Friendly Introduction to Mathematical Logic. Suny. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-942341-07-9.
Lepore, Ernest; Cumming, Sam (14 September 2012). Meaning and Argument: An Introduction to Logic Through Language. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-118-45521-0.
Li, Wei (26 February 2010). Mathematical Logic: Foundations for Information Science. Springer Science & Business Media. p. ix. ISBN 978-3-7643-9977-1.
Linsky, Bernard (2011). The Evolution of Principia Mathematica: Bertrand Russell's Manuscripts and Notes (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-139-49733-6.
Liu, Shiyong; Guo, Kaizhong (7 March 2023). Error Logic: Paving Pathways for Intelligent Error Identification and Management. Springer Nature. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-031-00820-7.
Łukasiewicz, Jan (1957). Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 7. OCLC 656161566.
MacFarlane, John (2017). "Logical Constants". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Mackie, J. L. (1967). "Fallacies". encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
Magnus, P. D. (2005). Forall X: An Introduction to Formal Logic. Victoria, BC, Canada: State University of New York Oer Services. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-64176-026-3. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Makridis, Odysseus (2022). Symbolic Logic. Springer Nature. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-3-030-67396-3.
Maltby, John; Day, Liz; Macaskill, Ann (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-129760-9.
Marenbon, John (2021). "Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
McKeon, Matthew. "Logical Consequence". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Michaelson, Eliot; Reimer, Marga (2019). "Reference". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
Mills, Ethan (2018). Three Pillars of Skepticism in Classical India: Nagarjuna, Jayarasi, and Sri Harsa. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4985-5570-8. ... for Nyāya all inference is ultimately rooted in perception ... Naiyāyikas typically accept four means of knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.
Monk, J. Donald (1976). "Introduction". Mathematical Logic. Springer. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1. ISBN 978-1-4684-9452-5. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Moore, Kevin; Cromby, John (8 August 2016). How Best to 'Go On'? Prospects for a 'Modern Synthesis' in the Sciences of Mind. Frontiers Media SA. p. 60. ISBN 978-2-88919-906-8.
Moore, Terence; Carling, Christine (1982). Understanding Language: Towards a Post-Chomskyan Linguistics. Springer. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-349-16895-8.
Moschovakis, Joan (2022). "Intuitionistic Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Introduction. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
Nolt, John (2021). "Free Logic: 1. The Basics". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
Nunes, Terezinha (2011). "Logical Reasoning and Learning". In Seel, Norbert M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2066–2069. ISBN 978-1-4419-1427-9.
O'Regan, Gerard (2016). Introduction to the History of Computing: A Computing History Primer. Springer. p. 49. ISBN 978-3-319-33138-6.
Oaksford, Mike; Chater, Nick (2007). Bayesian Rationality: The Probabilistic Approach to Human Reasoning. OUP Oxford. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-852449-6.
Olkowski, Dorothea; Pirovolakis, Eftichis (31 January 2019). Deleuze and Guattari's Philosophy of Freedom: Freedom's Refrains. Routledge. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-429-66352-9.
Olsson, Erik J. (2018). "Bayesian Epistemology". Introduction to Formal Philosophy. Springer. pp. 431–442. ISBN 978-3-030-08454-7. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Online Etymology Staff. "Logic". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Partee, Barbara H. (2016). Aloni, Maria; Dekker, Paul (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02839-5.
Paulson, Lawrence C. (February 2018). "Computational Logic: Its Origins and Applications". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 474 (2210): 1–14. arXiv:1712.04375. Bibcode:2018RSPSA.47470872P. doi:10.1098/rspa.2017.0872. PMC 5832843. PMID 29507522. S2CID 3805901.
Pedemonte, Bettina (25 June 2018). "Strategic vs Definitory Rules: Their Role in Abductive Argumentation and their Relationship with Deductive Proof". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 14 (9): 1–17. doi:10.29333/ejmste/92562. ISSN 1305-8215. S2CID 126245285. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Pickel, Bryan (1 July 2020). "Structured Propositions and Trivial Composition". Synthese. 197 (7): 2991–3006. doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1853-1. ISSN 1573-0964. S2CID 49729020.
Pietroski, Paul (2021). "Logical Form: 1. Patterns of Reason". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
Planty-Bonjour, Guy (2012). The Categories of Dialectical Materialism: Contemporary Soviet Ontology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 62. ISBN 978-94-010-3517-0.
Possin, Kevin (2016). "Conductive Arguments: Why is This Still a Thing?". Informal Logic. 36 (4): 563–593. doi:10.22329/il.v36i4.4527. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Priest, Graham; Tanaka, Koji; Weber, Zach (2018). "Paraconsistent Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
Pépin, Jean (2004). "Logos". Encyclopedia of Religion. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Putnam, H. (1969). "Is Logic Empirical?". Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 5. pp. 216–241. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-3381-7_5. ISBN 978-94-010-3383-1.
Quine, Willard Van Orman (1981). Mathematical Logic. Harvard University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-674-55451-1.
Rathjen, Michael; Sieg, Wilfried (2022). "Proof Theory". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
Rautenberg, Wolfgang (1 July 2010). A Concise Introduction to Mathematical Logic. Springer. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4419-1221-3.
Rendsvig, Rasmus; Symons, John (2021). "Epistemic Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
Restall, Greg; Standefer, Shawn (2023). Logical Methods. MIT Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-262-54484-9.
Richardson, Alan W. (1998). Carnap's Construction of the World: The Aufbau and the Emergence of Logical Empiricism. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-43008-1.
Rini, Adriane (13 December 2010). Aristotle's Modal Proofs: Prior Analytics A8-22 in Predicate Logic. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 26. ISBN 978-94-007-0050-5.
Ritola, Juho (1 December 2008). "Walton's Informal Logic: A Pragmatic Approach". Informal Logic. 28 (4): 335. doi:10.22329/il.v28i4.2856.
Rocci, Andrea (8 March 2017). Modality in Argumentation: A Semantic Investigation of the Role of Modalities in the Structure of Arguments with an Application to Italian Modal Expressions. Springer. p. 26. ISBN 978-94-024-1063-1.
Rošker, Jana S. (May 2015). "Classical Chinese Logic: Philosophy Compass". Philosophy Compass. 10 (5): 301–309. doi:10.1111/phc3.12226.
Runco, Mark A.; Pritzker, Steven R. (1999). Encyclopedia of Creativity. Academic Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-12-227075-8.
Rush, Penelope (2014). "Introduction". The Metaphysics of Logic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-1-107-03964-3. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Sadegh-Zadeh, Kazem (2015). Handbook of Analytic Philosophy of Medicine. Springer. p. 983. ISBN 978-94-017-9579-1.
Sagüillo, José M. (2014). "Hintikka on Information and Deduction". Teorema: Revista Internacional de Filosofía. 33 (2): 75–88. ISSN 0210-1602. JSTOR 43047609.
Sarukkai, Sundar; Chakraborty, Mihir Kumar (2022). Handbook of Logical Thought in India. Springer Nature. pp. 117–8. ISBN 978-81-322-2577-5.
Schagrin, Morton L. "Metalogic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
Schechter, Joshua. "Epistemology of Logic – Bibliography". PhilPapers. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
Schlesinger, I. M.; Keren-Portnoy, Tamar; Parush, Tamar (1 January 2001). The Structure of Arguments. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 978-90-272-2359-3.
Schreiner, Wolfgang (2021). Thinking Programs: Logical Modeling and Reasoning About Languages, Data, Computations, and Executions. Springer Nature. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-030-80507-4.
Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009). "analytic induction". A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953300-8. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Shapiro, Stewart; Kouri Kissel, Teresa (2022). "Classical Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
Shermer, Michael (25 October 2022). Conspiracy: Why the Rational Believe the Irrational. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-4445-1.
Sider, Theodore (2010). Logic for Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957558-9.
Siegel, Harvey; Biro, John (1997). "Epistemic Normativity, Argumentation, and Fallacies". Argumentation. 11 (3): 277–292. doi:10.1023/A:1007799325361. S2CID 126269789. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Simpson, R. L. (2008). Essentials of Symbolic Logic (3rd ed.). Broadview Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-77048-495-5.
Smith, Robin (2022). "Aristotle's Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
Spade, Paul Vincent; Panaccio, Claude (2019). "William of Ockham". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Spriggs, John (2012). GSN – The Goal Structuring Notation: A Structured Approach to Presenting Arguments. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-1-4471-2312-5.
Stairs, Allen (2017). A Thinker's Guide to the Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-351-21981-5.
Sternberg, Robert J. "Thought". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
Stolyar, Abram Aronovich (1 January 1984). Introduction to Elementary Mathematical Logic. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-64561-2.
Stone, Mark A. (2012). "Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation". Informal Logic. 32 (3): 327–356. doi:10.22329/il.v32i3.3681. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Stump, David J. "Fallacy, Logical". encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
Talbott, William (2016). "Bayesian Epistemology". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
Tarski, Alfred (1994). Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of the Deductive Sciences. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-802139-1.
Tondl, L. (2012). Problems of Semantics: A Contribution to the Analysis of the Language Science. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 111. ISBN 978-94-009-8364-9.
Velleman, Daniel J. (2006). How to Prove It: A Structured Approach. Cambridge University Press. p. 8, 103. ISBN 978-0-521-67599-4.
Vickers, John M. (2022). "Inductive Reasoning". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
Vidyabhusana, Satis Chandra (1988). A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 221. ISBN 978-81-208-0565-1.
Vleet, Van Jacob E. (2010). "Introduction". Informal Logical Fallacies: A Brief Guide. Upa. pp. ix–x. ISBN 978-0-7618-5432-6. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Väänänen, Jouko (2021). "Second-order and Higher-order Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
Walton, Douglas N. (1987). Informal Fallacies: Towards a Theory of Argument Criticisms. John Benjamins. ISBN 978-1-55619-010-0. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Warren, Jared (2020). Shadows of Syntax: Revitalizing Logical and Mathematical Conventionalism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-008615-2.
Washell, Richard F. (1973). "Logic, Language, and Albert the Great". Journal of the History of Ideas. 34 (3): 445–50. doi:10.2307/2708963. JSTOR 2708963.
Wasilewska, Anita (2018). Logics for Computer Science: Classical and Non-Classical. Springer. pp. 145–6. ISBN 978-3-319-92591-2.
Weber, Zach. "Paraconsistent Logic". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
Weddle, Perry (2011). "Chapter 36. Informal logic and the eductive-inductive distinction". Across the Lines of Disciplines. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 383–388. doi:10.1515/9783110867718.383. ISBN 978-3-11-086771-8. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Westerståhl, Dag (1989). "Aristotelian Syllogisms and Generalized Quantifiers". Studia Logica. 48 (4): 577–585. doi:10.1007/BF00370209. S2CID 32089424. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Wilbanks, Jan J. (1 March 2010). "Defining Deduction, Induction, and Validity". Argumentation. 24 (1): 107–124. doi:10.1007/s10503-009-9131-5. ISSN 1572-8374. S2CID 144481717. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Wilce, Alexander (2021). "Quantum Logic and Probability Theory: 2.1 Realist Quantum Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
Wile, Bruce; Goss, John; Roesner, Wolfgang (2005). Comprehensive Functional Verification: The Complete Industry Cycle. Elsevier. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-08-047664-3.
Willman, Marshall D. (2022). "Logic and Language in Early Chinese Philosophy". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Introduction. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
Wolf, Robert G. (1978). "Are Relevant Logics Deviant?". Philosophia. 7 (2): 327–340. doi:10.1007/BF02378819. S2CID 143697796. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Zegarelli, Mark (2010). Logic For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-118-05307-2. Archived from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Further reading
Barwise, Jon (1989). Handbook of Mathematical Logic. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-093364-1.
Belnap, Nuel (1977). "A useful four-valued logic". In Dunn, J. Michael; Epstein, George (eds.). Modern Uses of Multiple-valued Logic. Springer. pp. 8–40. ISBN 978-90-277-0747-5.
Bocheński, Józef Maria (1959). A Precis of Mathematical Logic. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-017-0592-9.
Bocheński, Józef Maria (1970). A History of Formal Logic. Chelsea Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8284-0238-5.
Brookshear, J. Glenn (1989). Theory of Computation: Formal Languages, Automata, and Complexity. Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8053-0143-4.
Cohen, Robert S.; Wartofsky, Marx W. (2012). Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-010-2656-7.
Finkelstein, David (2012). "Matter, Space, and Logic". In Cohen, Robert S.; Wartofsky, Marx W. (eds.). Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1966/1968. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-010-3381-7.
Gabbay, Dov M.; Guenthner, Franz (2011). Handbook of Philosophical Logic: Volume I: Elements of Classical Logic. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-009-7068-7.
Harper, Robert (2001). "Logic". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
Hilbert, David; Ackermann, Wilhelm (21 November 2013). Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik (in German). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-662-41928-1.
Hodges, Wilfrid (2001). Logic. Penguin Adult. ISBN 978-0-14-100314-6.
Hofweber, Thomas (2021). "Logic and Ontology". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Hughes, R. I. G. (1993). A Philosophical Companion to First-order Logic. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87220-181-1.
Mendelson, Elliott (2015). Introduction to Mathematical Logic (6th ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-4822-3772-6.
Smith, Barry (1989). "Logic and the Sachverhalt". The Monist. 72 (1): 52–69. doi:10.5840/monist19897212.
Whitehead, Alfred North; Russell, Bertrand (1910). Principia Mathematica. Rough Draft Printing. ISBN 9781603864374. OCLC 872285723.
External links
Listen to this article (1 hour and 9 minutes)
Duration: 1 hour, 8 minutes and 36 seconds.1:08:36
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 5 November 2023, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)
Logic at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
"Logical calculus", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
A Logic Calculator – web-based application for evaluating simple statements in symbolic logic
Ontology and History of Logic – An Introduction with an annotated bibliography
Last edited 2 hours ago by Chompy Ace
...
Did you know ...
A bacterium that thrives in the deep ocean
... that life exists in every part of the biosphere, from the deepest parts of the ocean (bacterium pictured) to altitudes of up to 40 miles (64 km) in the atmosphere?
... that Spyridon Marinatos discovered the battlefield of Thermopylae in 1939?
... that in 1944, the Tuvan-language journal Lenin–Stalinnьꞑ tugunuꞑ adaa-pile switched from the Latin script to the Cyrillic script?
... that railroad engineer Jules Hanscotte developed a system for the safe braking of heavy trains on steep gradients, but its only significant use was on tourist tramways?
... that William Sharpington and his workshop created what was described as "some of the most distinguished" public lettering in post-war England?
... that before a separate party was created for Pakistan, the All India Scheduled Castes Federation simultaneously held the posts of Minister of Law in both Pakistan and India?
... that the owner of the Washington Wolfpack said that he initially only wanted to try out some players from his semi-professional team, but they gave him ownership instead?
... that one legend claimed that Hö'elün conceived the boy who would become Genghis Khan when she was impregnated by a ray of light?
Archive
Start a new article
Nominate an article
In the news
Sam Bankman-Fried
American entrepreneur Sam Bankman-Fried (pictured) is convicted on charges of fraud and money laundering over his role in the bankruptcy of cryptocurrency exchange FTX.
An earthquake strikes Karnali Province, Nepal, leaving more than 150 people dead.
NASA's Lucy space probe flies by the asteroid Dinkinesh, the first target of the mission.
In baseball, the Texas Rangers defeat the Arizona Diamondbacks to win the World Series.
Ongoing:Israel–Hamas war
Russian invasion of Ukrainetimeline
Recent deaths:Ken Mattingly
Bob Knight
Ady Barkan
Lois Galgay Reckitt
Zdeněk Mácal
Ina Cronjé
Nominate an article
On this day
November 5: Guy Fawkes Night in Great Britain and some Commonwealth countries (1605)
Aline Chrétien
1138 – Lý Anh Tông was enthroned as the emperor of Đại Việt at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.
1943 – World War II: An unknown aircraft dropped four bombs on Vatican City, which maintained neutrality during the war.
1995 – Aline Chrétien (pictured) thwarted André Dallaire's attempt to assassinate her husband, Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien, by locking the bedroom door in 24 Sussex Drive, their official residence in Ottawa.
2003 – American serial killer Gary Ridgway pleaded guilty to 48 counts of first-degree murder.
2013 – The Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Mars Orbiter Mission, India's first interplanetary probe.
Louis Bertrand Castel (b. 1688)
Edwin Flack (b. 1873)
James Robert Baker (d. 1997)
Habibollah Asgaroladi (d. 2013)
More anniversaries:November 4
November 5
November 6
Archive
By email
List of days of the year
Today's featured picture
Pontia edusa, also known as the eastern Bath white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found from southeastern Europe (southern France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia) up to central Europe and the Middle East in Iran and Iraq. It is a migrant which can also be encountered in Belgium, Holland, northern Germany and Poland, in the Baltic states and in southern Sweden and Norway. It resides in open grassy or flowery areas, in stony or rocky places and in roadsides, especially where the host plants grow, at an altitude of up to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). This P. edusa butterfly was photographed near the Elbe in Rühstädt, Germany.
Photograph credit: Sven Damerow