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In 1834, a khedival decree was issued, adopting an Egyptian currency based on a bimetallic standard (gold and silver) on the basis of the Maria Theresa thaler, a popular trade coin in the region.[8] The Egyptian pound, known as the geneih, was introduced, replacing the Egyptian piastre (ersh) as the chief unit of currency. The piastre continued to circulate as 1⁄100 of a pound, with the piastre subdivided into 40 para. In 1885, the para ceased to be issued, and the piastre was divided into tenths (عشر القرش 'oshr el-ersh). These tenths were renamed milliemes (malleem) in 1916.
The legal exchange rates were fixed by force of law for important foreign currencies which became acceptable in the settlement of internal transactions. Eventually this led to Egypt using a de facto gold standard between 1885 and 1914, with E£1 = 7.4375 grams pure gold. At the outbreak of World War I, the Egyptian pound used a sterling peg at one pound and sixpence sterling to one Egyptian pound (£1 STG = E£0.975, or E£1 = £1/-/6 STG).
Egypt remained part of the Sterling Area until 1962, when Egypt devalued slightly and switched to a peg to the United States dollar, at a rate of E£1 = US$2.3. This peg was changed to E£1 = US$2.55555 in 1973 when the dollar was devalued. The pound was itself devalued in 1978 to a peg of £1 STG = US$1.42857 (US$1 = E£0.7). The pound floated in 1989. However, until 2001, the float was tightly managed by the Central Bank of Egypt and foreign exchange controls were in effect. After exhausting all of its policies to support the Egyptian pound, the Central Bank of Egypt was forced to end the managed-float regime and allowed the pound to float freely on the 3rd of November 2016;[9] the bank also announced an end to foreign exchange controls that day.[10] The official rate fell twofold.
The Egyptian pound was also used in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1899 and 1956, and Cyrenaica when it was under British occupation and later an independent emirate between 1942 and 1951. It also circulated in Mandatory Palestine from 1918 to 1927, when the Palestine pound was introduced, equal in value to the pound sterling. The National Bank of Egypt issued banknotes for the first time on 3 April 1899. The Central Bank of Egypt and the National Bank of Egypt were unified into the Central Bank of Egypt in 1961.
The Iranian Rial is the least valued currency in the world. It is the lowest currency to USD. For the simplification of calculations, Iranians regularly use the term 'Toman'. 1 Toman equals 10 Rials.
Several reasons led to the decline of Iranian Rial; the war between Iran and Iraq, the threats faced by Israel, and the dangers of possible nuclear warfare. Due to this, measures such as restriction of 'Iran's access to the 'world's market were implemented, which ultimately caused significant losses to its economy. Iran was a major oil exporter, the country was also deprived of opportunities to export its oil. This again created a crucial deficit in 'Iran's national budget.
All of these events led to the dropping of the Iranian Rial as the lowest valued currency. The United States of America and the European Union, in 2016, lifted a few sanctions leading to an improvement of 'Iran's economic situation and stabilization of the Rial. However, in 2018, The United States of America imposed and sharpened their sanctions again.
