Val introduction to the excerpt of his thesis;"It is my belief that technology has taken off the ground from dormancy quite sometimes now and the medical field is listening attentively to the advancement and does it share as the theme of my thesis: "Human Gender Orientation on Conception;"
An Excerpt from Thesis: Human Gender Orietation on Conception
Genes are made of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. They give instructions for a living being to make molecules called proteins.
A geneticist is a person who studies genes and how they can be targeted to improve aspects of life. Genetic engineering can provide a range of benefits for people, for example, increasing the productivity of food plants or preventing diseases in humans.
Genes are made of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA that give instructions for living being to make molecules called proteins. In which a section that are in charge of different functions like making proteins. Long strands of DNA with lots of genes make up chromosomes. DNA molecules are found in chromosomes. Chromosomes are located inside of the nucleus of cells. Each chromosome is one long single molecule of DNA. This DNA contains important genetic information.
Chromosomes have Trusted Source a unique structure, which helps to keep the DNA tightly wrapped around the proteins called histones. If the DNA molecules were not bound by the histones, they would be too long to fit inside of the cell.
Genes vary in complexity. In humans, they range in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. Different living things have different shapes and numbers of chromosomes. Humans have 23 Trusted Source pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46. A donkey has 31 pairs of chromosomes, a hedgehog has 44, and a fruit fly has just 4. DNA contains the biological instructions that make each species unique.
DNA is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction. The building blocks of DNA are called nucleotides. Nucleotides have three parts: A phosphate group, a sugar group and one of four types of nitrogen bases. A gene consists of a long combination of four different nucleotide bases, or chemicals. There are many possible combinations.
The four nucleotides are: A – adenine; C - cytosine; G – guanine;
T – thymine
Different combinations Trusted Source of the letters ACGT give people different characteristics. For example, a person with the combination ATCGTT may have blue eyes, while somebody with the combination ATCGCT may have brown eyes.
To recap in more detail:
Genes carry the codes ACGT. Each person has thousands of genes. They are like a computer program, and they make the individual what they are.
A gene is a tiny section of a long DNA double helix molecule, which consists of a linear sequence of base pairs. A gene is any section along the DNA with instructions encoded that allow a cell to produce a specific product – usually a protein, such as an enzyme – that triggers one precise action.
DNA is the chemical that appears in strands. Every cell in a person's body has the same DNA, but each person's DNA is different. This is what makes each person unique. DNA is made up of two long-paired strands spiraled into the famous double helix. Each strand contains Trusted Source millions of chemical building blocks called bases.
Genes decide almost everything about a living being. One or more genes can affect a specific trait. Genes may interact with an individual's environment too and change what the gene makes. Genes affect hundreds of internal and external factors, such as whether a person will get a particular color of eyes or what diseases they may develop. Some diseases, such as sickle-cell anemia and Huntington's disease, are inherited, and these are also affected by genes.
A gene is a basic unit of heredity in a living organism. Genes come from our parents. We may inherit our physical traits and the likelihood of getting certain diseases and conditions from a parent. Genes contain the data needed to build and maintain cells and pass genetic information to offspring.
Each cell contains two sets of chromosomes: One set comes from the mother and the other comes from the father. The male sperm and the female egg carry a single set of 23 chromosomes each, including 22 autosomes plus an X or Y sex chromosome. A female inherits an X chromosome from each parent, but a male inherits an X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father.
The Human Genome Project Trusted Source (HGP) is a major scientific research project. It is the largest single research activity ever carried out in modern science. It aims to determine the sequence of the chemical pairs that make up human DNA and to identify and map the 20,000 to 25,000 or so genes that make up the human genome.
The project was started in 1990 by a group of international researchers, the United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Department of Energy. The goal was to sequence 3 billion letters, or base pairs, in the human genome, that make up the complete set of DNA in the human body.
By doing this, the scientists hoped to provide researchers with powerful tools, not only to understand the genetic factors in human disease, but also to open the door for new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The HGP was completed in 2003, and all the data generated is available for free access on the internet. Apart from humans, the HGP also looked at other organisms and animals, such as the fruit fly and E. coli.
Over three billion nucleotide combinations, or combinations of ACGT, have been found in the human genome, or the collection of genetic features that can make up the human body. Mapping the human genome brings scientists closer to developing effective treatments for hundreds of diseases.
The project has fueled the discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes. This has made it easier for researchers to find a gene that is suspected of causing an inherited disease in a matter of days. Before this research was carried out, it could have taken years to find the gene.
Genetic tests can show an individual whether they have a genetic risk for a specific disease. The results can help healthcare professionals diagnose conditions. The HGP is expected to speed up progress in medicine, but there is still much to learn, especially regarding how genes behave and how they can be used in treatment. At least 350 biotechnology-based products are currently in clinical trials.
In 2005, the HapMap, a catalog of common genetic variation or haplotypes in the human genome, was created. This data has helped to speed up the search for the genes involved in common human diseases.
In recent years, geneticists have found another layer of heritable genetic data that is not held in the genome, but in the "epigenome," a group of chemical compounds that can tell the genome what to do. In the body, DNA holds the instructions for building proteins, and these proteins are responsible for a number of functions in a cell.
The epigenome is made up of chemical compounds and proteins that can attach to DNA and direct a variety of actions. These actions include turning genes on and off. This can control the production of proteins in particular cells. Gene switches can turn genes on and off at different times and for different lengths of time.
Recently, scientists have discovered genetic switches that increase the lifespan and boost fitness in worms. They believe these could be linked to an increased lifespan in mammals. The genetic switches that they have discovered involve enzymes that are ramped up after mild stress during early development.
This increase in enzyme production continues to affect the expression of genes throughout the animal's life. This could lead to a breakthrough in the goal to develop drugs that can flip these switches to improve human metabolic function and increase longevity.
The Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium – an international collaboration that researches the genetics that modulate human body size and shape, including measures of height and obesity – discovered the new genetic variations. Previous studies have used genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to locate genetic variants. This method rapidly scans across the genomes of large populations for markers that track with a particular trait.
GWAS is successful at finding common genetic variants. However, most of these only alter height by under 1 millimeter. GWAS unsuccessfully captures uncommon genetic variants that may have a larger affect on height.
Another problem is that common genetic variants that track with traits lie outside the protein-coding parts of genes. This positioning makes it harder to find out which genes they affect.
Based on the above characteristics and functions of Genes/DNAs, Val directed his "Thesis to the Human Gender Orientation;" a design on how to conceive either male or female babies on most prevail methodology.
The menstrual cycle starts with the first day of the period and ends when the next period begins. Hormone signals are sent back and forth between the brain and the ovaries. The first part of the cycle prepares an egg to be released from the ovary, and builds the lining of the uterus. The second part of the cycle prepares the uterus and body to accept a fertilized egg, or to start the next cycle if pregnancy doesn't happen.hemivc
The menstrual cycle is more than just the period. In fact, the period is just the first phase of the cycle. The menstrual cycle is actually made up of two cycles that interact and overlap one happening in the ovaries and one in the uterus. The brain, ovaries, and uterus work together and communicate through hormones (chemical signals sent through the blood from one part of the body to another) to keep the cycle going.
A menstrual cycle starts with the first day of the period and ends with the start of the next period. An entire menstrual cycle usually lasts between 24 and 38 days, but the length may vary from cycle to cycle, and may also change over the years. Cycle length changes between menarche (when periods first start during puberty) and menopause (when periods stop permanently).
Some people notice changes I their hair, skin, poop, chronic disease, mental health, migraine headaches, or the way they experience sex at different points in the menstrual cycle. It's also the body's way of preparing for pregnancy over and over again, so people having penis-in-vagina sex (the kind of sex you can become pregnant from) may want to pay attention to the menstrual cycle. Hormonal methods of birth control prevent some or all of the steps in the cycle from happening, which keeps pregnancy from occurring.
Periodic Cycles
Menstruation: The period—the shedding of the uterine lining. Levels of etrogen and progesterone are low.
The follicular phase: The time between the first day of the period and ovulation. Estrogen rises as an egg prepares to be released.
The proliferative phase: After the period, the uterine lining builds back up again.
Ovulation: The release of the egg from the ovary, mid-cycle. Estrogen peaks just beforehand, and then drops shortly afterwards.
The luteal phase: The time between ovulation and before the start of menstruation, when the body prepares for a possible pregnancy. Progesterone is produced, peaks, and then drops.
The secretory phase: The uterine lining produces chemicals that will either help support an early pregnancy or will prepare the lining to break down and shed if pregnancy doesn't occur.
The first part of the cycle; Uterus: MenstruatioWhen: From the time bleeding starts to the time it ends.
What: Old blood and tissue from inside the uterus is shed through the vagina.
Each menstrual cycle starts with menstruation (the period). A period is the normal shedding of blood and endometrium (the lining of the uterus) through the cervix and vagina. A normal period may last up to 8 days, but on average lasts about 5 or 6.
Ovaries: Follicular phase
When: From the start of the period until ovulation.
What: Signals from the brain tell the ovaries to prepare an egg that will be released.
During the period, the pituitary gland (a small area at the base of the brain that makes hormones) produces a hormone called follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH tells the ovaries to prepare an egg for ovulation (release of an egg from the ovary). Throughout the menstrual cycle, there are multiple follicles (fluid filled sacs containing eggs) in each ovary at different stages of development. About halfway through the follicular phase (just as the period is ending) one follicle in one of the ovaries is the largest of all the follicles at about 1 cm (0.4 in). This follicle becomes the dominant follicle and is the one prepared to be released at ovulation. The dominant follicle produces estrogen as it grows, which peaks just before ovulation happens. For most people, the follicular phase lasts 10-22 days, but this can vary from cycle-to-cycle.
Uterus: Proliferative phase
When: From the end of the period until ovulation.
What: The uterus builds up a thick inner lining.
While the ovaries are working on developing the egg-containing follicles, the uterus is responding to the estrogen produced by the follicles, rebuilding the lining that was just shed during the last period. This is called the proliferative phase because theendometrium (the lining of the uterus) becomes thicker. The endometrium is thinnest during the period, and thickens throughout this phase until ovulation occurs. The uterus does this to create a place where a potential fertilized egg can implant and grow.
Interlude: Ovulation
When: About midway through the cycle, but this can change cycle-to-cycle. Ovulation divides the two phases of the ovarian cycle (the follicular phase and the luteal phase).
What: An egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
The dominant follicle in the ovary produces more and more estrogen as it grows larger. The dominant follicle reaches about 2 cm (0.8 in) but can be up to 3 cm at its largest right before ovulation. When estrogen levels are high enough, they signal to the brain causing a dramatic increase in luteinizing hormone (LH). This spike is what causes ovulation (release of the egg from the ovary) to occur. Ovulation usually happens about 13-15 days before the start of the next period.
The second part of the cycle; Ovary: Luteal Phase
When: From ovulation until the start of the next period.
What: The sac that contained the egg produces estrogen and progesterone.
Once ovulation occurs, the follicle that contained the egg transforms into something called a corpus luteum and begins to produce progesterone as well as estrogen. Progesterone levels peak about halfway through this phase. The hormonal changes of the luteal phase are associated with common premenstrual symptoms that many people experience, such as mood changes, headaches, acne, bloating, and breast tenderness.
If an egg is fertilized, progesterone from the corpus luteum supports the early pregnancy. If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum will start to break down between 9 and 11 days after ovulation. This results in a drop in estrogen and progesterone levels, which causes menstruation. The luteal phase typically lasts about 14 days, but between 9 and 16 days is common.
Uterus: Secretory Phase
When: From ovulation until the start of the next period.
What: The lining of the uterus releases or secretes chemicals that will either help an early pregnancy attach if an egg was fertilized, or help the lining break down and shed if no egg was fertilized.
During this phase, the endometrium prepares to either support a pregnancy or to break down for menstruation. Rising levels of progesterone cause the endometrium to stop thickening and to start preparing for the potential attachment of a fertilized egg. The secretory phase gets its name because the endometrium is secreting (producing and releasing) many types of chemical messengers. The most notable of these messengers are the prostaglandins, which are secreted by endometrial cells and cause changes to other cells nearby.
Two prostaglandins in particular called, "PGF2α" and "PGE2", cause the uterine muscle to contract (cramp). The amounts of these prostaglandins rise after ovulation and reach their peak during menstruation. The cramping caused by this prostaglandin helps trigger the period. If a pregnancy occurs, prostaglandin production is inhibited so that these contractions won't impact an early pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum stops producing estrogen and progesterone. The drop in hormones, along with the effects of the prostaglandins, cause the blood vessels to constrict (tighten) and tissue of the endometrium to break down.
Ovulation, the release of the egg (ovum) from a woman's ovary, is a phase in the menstrual cycle. Ovulation and conception are discussed.
Ovulation is a phase in the menstrual cycle. It occurs at about day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle. Specifically, ovulation is the release of the egg (ovum) from a woman's ovary.
Each month, between days six and 14 of the menstrual cycle, follicle-stimulating hormone causes follicles in one of a woman's ovaries to begin to mature. However, during days 10 to 14, only one of the developing follicles forms a fully mature egg. At about day 14 in the menstrual cycle, a sudden surge in luteinizing hormone causes the ovary to release its egg. The egg begins its five-day travel through a narrow, hollow structure called the fallopian tube to the uterus. As the egg is traveling through the fallopian tube, the level of progesterone, another hormone, rises, which helps prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy.
How does conception occur?
Conception occurs when a sperm cell from a fertile man swims up through the vagina and into the uterus of a woman and joins with the woman's egg cell as it travels down one of the fallopian tubes from the ovary to the uterus.
On this particular instance, gender domination played an important role on the incoming conception. Should an egg cell was out waiting and waken before the sperm cell join-in with fresh vitality, the male gender will be dominating the union. The baby will be a boy. This is based on the natural characteristic of the two protagonists as; Sperm cells are lively and strong but short live, egg cells are slow moving but longer live. But then if the sperm cell is out ahead the egg cell swimming with vigor before the egg cell though slow moving but longer life shall join-in, female gender shall dominates and the baby shall be a girl. However, there are sequences that both are on their fifty-fifty chances of domination, thence the child shall be homosexual, depending on a slight inclination either gay or lesbian.
As the fertilized egg continues to move down the fallopian tube, it begins to divide into two cells, then four cells, then more cells as the division continues. About a week after the sperm has fertilized the egg, the fertilized egg has traveled to the uterus and has become a growing cluster of about 100 cells called a blastocyst.
Depending on several factors e.g. hereditary, abundant fertile enzymes and conducive uterus environment e.g. the minimum allowable space on uterus that can sustain the growth of two or more blastocyst to develop into zygote and prevent cannibalism. The result shall be a typical zygote that shall behave complementarily alike as their development.
The blastocyst then attaches itself to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). This attachment process is called implantation. Release of the hormones estrogen and progesterone causes the endometrium to thicken, which provides the nutrients the blastocyst needs to grow and eventually develop into a baby.
As cells continue to divide some developing into the baby, others forming the nourishment and oxygen supply structure called the placenta hormones are released that signal the body that a baby is growing inside the uterus. These hormones also signal the uterus to maintain its lining rather than shedding it. This means that a woman does not have a period that month, which may be the first way a woman knows she is pregnant.
The first successful birth of a child after IVF treatment occurred in 1978. A baby boy was born in England as a result of natural cycle IVF where no stimulation was made. The second successful birth of a test tube baby occurred in India just 67 days after the boy was born. The baby girl conceived in vitro using a method developed independently by a physician and researcher from Kolkata, India.
With egg donation and IVF, people who are past their reproductive years, have infertile male partners, have idiopathic female-fertility issues, or have reached menopause can still become pregnant. The oldest woman give birth at 66 years old using IVF and a donor egg in 2004.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and letting sperm fertilize them in a culture medium in a laboratory. After the fertilized egg (zygote) undergoes embryo culture for 2–6 days, it is transferred by catheter into the uterus, with the intention of establishing a successful pregnancy.
In vitro fertilization is a type of assisted reproductive technology used for infertility treatment and gestational surrogacy. A fertilized egg from a donor may implant into a surrogate's uterus, and the resulting child is genetically unrelated to the surrogate. Some countries have banned or otherwise regulate the availability of IVF treatment, giving rise to fertility tourism. Restrictions on the availability of IVF include costs and age, in order for a woman to carry a healthy pregnancy to term.
The main durations of embryo culture are until cleavage stage (day two to four after co-incubation) or the blastocyst stage (day five or six after co-incubation). Embryo culture until the blastocyst stage confers a significant increase in live birth rate per embryo transfer, but also confers a decreased number of embryos available for transfer and embryo cryopreservation, so the cumulative clinical pregnancy rates are increased with cleavage stage transfer. Transfer day two instead of day three after fertilization has no differences in live birth rate. There are significantly higher odds of preterm birth (odds ratio 1.3) and congenital anomalies (odds ratio 1.3) among births having from embryos cultured until the blastocyst stage compared with cleavage stage
Laboratories have developed grading methods to judge ovocyte and embryo quality. In order to optimize pregnancy rates, there is significant evidence that a morphological scoring system is the best strategy for the selection of embryos. Since 2009 where the first time-lapse microscopy system for IVF was approved for clinical use, morphokinetic scoring systems has shown to improve to pregnancy rates further. However, when all different types of time-lapse embryo imaging devices, with or without morphokinetic scoring systems, are compared against conventional embryo assessment for IVF, there is insufficient evidence of a difference in live-birth, pregnancy, stillbirth or miscarriage to choose between them. Active efforts to develop a more accurate embryo selection analysis based on Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning are underway. Embryo Ranking Intelligent Classification Assistant (ERICA), is a clear example. This Deep Learning software substitutes manual classifications with a ranking system based on an individual embryo's predicted genetic status in a non-invasive fashion. Studies on this area are still pending and current feasibility studies support its potential
The number to be transferred depends on the number available, the age of the patient and other health and diagnostic factors. In countries such as Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, a maximum of two embryos are transferred except in unusual circumstances. In the UK and according to HFEA regulations, a woman over 40 may have up to three embryos transferred, whereas in the US, there is no legal limit on the number of embryos which may be transferred, although medical associations have provided practice guidelines. Most clinics and country regulatory bodies seek to minimize the risk of multiple pregnancy, as it is not uncommon for multiple embryos to implant if multiple embryos are transferred. Embryos are transferred to the patient's uterus through a thin, plastic catheter, which goes through her vagina and cervix. Several embryos may be passed into the uterus to improve chances of implantation and pregnancy
PGS screens for numeral chromosomal abnormalities while PGD diagnosis the specific molecular defect of the inherited disease. In both PGS and PGD, individual cells from a pre-embryo, or preferably trophectoderm cells biopsied from a blastocyst, are analysed during the IVF process. Before the transfer of a pre-embryo back to a woman's uterus, one or two cells are removed from the pre-embryos (8-cell stage), or preferably from a blastocyst. These cells are then evaluated for normality. Typically within one to two days, following completion of the evaluation, only the normal pre-embryos are transferred back to the woman's uterus. Alternatively, a blastocyst can be cryopreserved via vitrification and transferred at a later date to the uterus. In addition, PGS can significantly reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies because fewer embryos, ideally just one, are needed for implantation.
Based on the above conditions, criteria and other unforeseen factors, technology being in developments to replicate a test tube baby that his/her height and intelligence. Meaning to replicate uterus in a detached glass tube with everything the natural uterus may possessed to grow a child based on "In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)" technic.