Basic Magic elements: Fire, Water, Wind, Earth, Light, Void.
The Prime version, or more powerful version of these: Heat, Motion, Space, Gravity, Time, Null.
Magic is created from 3 aspects: Affinity, mana pool, mental capacity.
The rarest of all affinities is Total affinity with the highest grades. Total Affinity is the ability to use all elements, the highest grade means the user can perform and learn those elements much faster than those with lower affinity. Affinity can be increased, but with Earth's current level of civilization, it is impossible for earthlings.
Mana pool is basically mana pool, which can be increased by training.
Mental capacity is the visualization of the spell. The more vivid, the easier. Because of this, people need to create their own specialty. In the story, Nycta is the best example. Her disability gives her the ability to create a spell no one else can use, even Sam.
Lastly, and most importantly, spells.
Spells can be created by combining different elements.
For example, Wind + Water = Ice.
This combination is called Creation magic.
Another example would be Fire + Wind = Big explosion aka Fire Bomb.
Creation Magic can be a combination of three.
Fire + Earth + Water = Metal.
But all of this is only tier 1.
To create better magic, one would need to use more creation magic.
Tier 2 is combining 2 Tier 1s.
Fire + Earth + Water = Metal. (T1)
Fire + Light = Energy. (T1)
Metal + Energy = Electricity (T2)
The higher the tier, the slower the spell. However, Sam has broken this limit. With the connection he has, he can simultaneously create two T1 creation magic and then combine them into T2.
Tier 3 is combining 2 Tier 2s.
This is the future.
T4, T5, etc will have the same logic.